The paper examines traditional knowledge about the role of financial and physical resources in entrepreneurship. Based on Bourdieu's theory, we search for an answer to the question of which forms of ...economic capital are used by Croatian entrepreneurs in the computer programming industry and what their value in the context of accessing other forms of capital is. The study is based on a qualitative methodological approach. In-depth interview technique accompanied by unstructured observations was used in data collection. In addition to primary data, research includes the use of qualitative and quantitative secondary data. Research suggests that in the computer programming industry, economic capital is just one tool in the conversion game of entrepreneurial capital. Moreover, the interviewed entrepreneurs attach the least importance to it in business, favoring the value of intangible resources such as specialized knowledge, business connections and personal acquaintances. The company's start-up phase is characterized by the entrepreneur's reliance on personal savings, which is replaced by financing based on retained earnings in the later stages of business. Other forms of growth financing, such as bank loans and recapitalization of external investors, are used by a minority of larger companies, with a good base of symbolic capital. The results on capital conversions indicate relatively easy conversion of economic capital into cultural capital and symbolic capital, and less frequent use of economic capital to create social capital. Fresh insights into the entrepreneurs' perceptions provided by the study expand existing knowledge about entrepreneurship within the computer programming industry, suggesting that it is an industry with huge potential for young talents without a personal financial base that is commonly considered a precondition for entering entrepreneurship.
The main objective of this study is to examine the differences in Facebook usage practices between social and commercial entrepreneurs. The research is based on the official Facebook pages of six ...pairs of commercial and social enterprises during a period of two years, giving a total of 1046 posts for analysis. Findings reveal differences in the content and types of Facebook posts between commercial and social entrepreneurs. While commercial entrepreneurs have a clearly expressed market orientation, social enterprises strive to build the legitimacy of philanthropists and initiators of social change. There is no statistically significant difference in the number of reactions per post per follower between the two types of enterprises. However, followers' engagement is stronger among social entrepreneurs than commercial entrepreneurs. What all businesses lack is customer-generated content. Business owners could take the empirical findings into consideration when developing a strategy for managing their presence on social networks.
By understanding social capital as a link between the concept of social embeddedness and networking, this paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of the high-tech entrepreneurship process as a ...socially situated and influenced practice. Through in-depth examination of Croatian entrepreneurs in the software industry, we address the issues of which manifestations of social capital are significant in certain aspects of the entrepreneurial process and how entrepreneurs mobilize them in the competition for economic and other valuable resources on the “social stage”. In terms of methodology, the research uses techniques and procedures of the constructivist grounded theory. Empirical data were collected through in-depth face-to-face interviews with 77 respondents from 70 Croatian companies and a search of relevant secondary data sources. The analysis of the empirical material was carried out using initial, focused and axial coding techniques, accompanied by theoretical sampling and the application of the constant comparison method. Results of the research, articulated by the conceptual tool of Bourdieu's theory, show that social capital is manifested in a wide range of network formations and such network is modified by the development progress of the company. In general, a rich reservoir of social capital facilitates the entrepreneur's search for financial resources and supports the construction of a base of cultural and symbolic capital, with informal networks and acquaintances of entrepreneurs standing out for their ease of conversion to other forms of capital.
Suvremeno društvo temelji se na intelektualnom kapitalu, a kreativnost je ključna za konkurentnost, zbog čega se kulturnoj i kreativnoj industriji u budućnosti predvida brzi rast i uključuje ih se u ...razvojne strategije. Budući da regije, narodi i gradovi imaju različite modele reprezentacije i mjerenja kulturne i kreativne industrije zbog vlastitih specifičnosti, cilj ovog rada je usporedba mapiranja kulturnih i kreativnih industrija. Analizom prethodnih studija u području kreativne i kulturne industrije unutar gradova, ovaj rad identificira nekoliko različitih pristupa mapiranju industrije. Ova studija takoder kategorizira europske zemlje na temelju analize najnovijeg izdanja Monitora kulturnih i kreativnih gradova Europske komisije i na osnovi uključenosti u klastere i mreže za podršku poduzetnicima u kulturnim i kreativnim industrijama. Kao barokni grad s tradicijom kulturne i kreativne industrije grad Varaždin iz Hrvatske odabran je za dublju analizu kreativnog i kulturnog potencijala.
Ciljevi ovog rada su identificirati
vrste kapitala koje koriste poduzetnici u kreativnim i kulturnim industrijama u
Hrvatskoj te ispitati mogućnosti konverzije kapitala iz jednog oblika u drugi. ...Teorijski okvir istraživanja je Bourdieuova
teorija kapitala u kojoj se kapital pojavljuje u četiri forme: ekonomski,
kulturni, socijalni i simbolički kapital. Da bi se odgovorilo na postavljeno
istraživačko pitanje koristi se interpretativna paradigma, a kao primarni
istraživački alat koristi se fenomenološko intervjuiranje. Provedeno je
dubinsko intervjuiranje 10 poduzetnika. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na raznolike
prakse korištenja kapitala poduzetnika te značajne mogućnosti konverzije
kapitala. Visoki stupanj konverzije kapitala prisutan je kod kulturnog i
socijalnog kapitala.
The aim of this paper is to identify the forms of capital used by entrepreneurs in creative and cultural industries in Croatia and to explore how they convert their capital from one form into the others. The theoretical framework of the research is Bourdieu’s capital theory in which capital appears in four forms: economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital. In order to examine the research question, interpretative paradigm has been used with phenomenological interviews as the primary research tool. In-depth interviews with 10 entrepreneurs have been conducted. The results indicate various practices of utilizing
entrepreneurial capital and considerable possibilities of capital conversions. Particularly high conversion rates of cultural and social capital have been found.
The purpose of this paper is to make visible the entrepreneurial role of women in the 19th century in Croatia as well as to emphasize the diversity of women's experiences. The analysis of the ...features of female entrepreneurship is based on the scientific, mostly historiographic sources of Croatian researchers, such as quantitative data (census data, reports of chamber of trade and crafts, statistical yearbooks), court cases, newspapers notes. This array of analytic tools is also enriched by adding citations from fictional works of Croatian 19th century writers. The aim of the article is to reconstruct the image of the female entrepreneur in Croatia, compare it with its European counterparts and transpose this image into the Croatian socio-cultural and economic context. The author tries to investigate if there are consistent determinants such as culture and values that affect entrepreneurship and economic growth in the long run. The concentration of female entrepreneurs in 'female segments' of the economy was a way of avoiding barriers to entry. Although they were faced with a lack of education, property and capital that ensure business success, women conquered the vital and dynamic segment of small businesses in the services sector. Using the effective survival strategies, they quietly created their own individual space and economic independence. Reprinted by permission of Drustvena Istrazivanja
Entrepreneurship is an important factor of potential growth and development that will determine the development dynamics of transition countries in the future. Starting from the theory of planned ...behaviour and the social cognition theory, the paper argues that bonding and bridging cognitive social capital may positively influence entrepreneurial intentions of young people in Croatia and Macedonia. The hypotheses were tested by using structural equation modelling. Our findings indicate that bridging and bonding social capital could be significant enhancers of entrepreneurial intention. The fact that those individuals who have poor bonding social capital may get their chance through bridging social capital seems as a good indicator. Bridging social capital that forms in an entrepreneurial environment can encourage young people in their self-employment efforts. Furthermore, our research implies several possible measures of enhancing the efficiency of entrepreneurial education.
Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of capital, we present the results of research on the forms of symbolic capital of entrepreneurs and their conversions into economic, social and cultural capital. The ...research is industrially and spatially positioned within the software industry in the Republic of Croatia and is based on a qualitative methodology. Face-to-face indepth interviews were held supplemented by observations. Empirical data were analyzed using the techniques of grounded theory. The results show that the software entrepreneurship is characterized by a wide range of symbolic resources that are valuable in the context of acquiring economic capital and cultural capital.
There are many global and national analyses that provide conclusive scientific support to various theses which stress the importance of entrepreneurship. In this article, based on the relevant data ...from Croatian counties, we specifically examine the mutual dependence and dual causality of the concepts of regional development and entrepreneurial activity. We apply correlation and dynamic panel data analysis on the set of data from Croatian counties with levels and relative changes of the selected regional growth indicators (GDP per capita, registered unemployment rate, development index) and the indicators of entrepreneurial activity (the number of entrepreneurs per 100 residents).
The results of these analyses show the complexity and ambiguity of impact of level of regional development and economic growth on the growth of entrepreneurial activity Croatian counties, depending on the studied indices and the manner of observing them either through their particular levels or their relative changes in time. Results of testing the impact of level and growth of entrepreneurial activity on economic growth are however consistent and robust to different indicators reflecting economic growth. Showing that there exists a significant positive impact of entrepreneurial activity on economic growth.
The aim of this paper is presentation of results of qualitative research oriented on attitudes of entrepreneurs on the structure of institutional field of Republic of Croatia based on the application ...of the Bourdieu's concept of the „field" (Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992). Empirical data has been collected by conduction of in-depth interviews with 28 Croatian entrepreneurs registered in the activities of computer programming. The results of the research suggest that most of respondents comprehend institutional field as restraining factor in relation to fair fight within the entrepreneurial field. Most common features allocated to institutions by entrepreneurs encompass non-flexibility, slackness, passiveness, over standardization, not understanding the logic of the entrepreneurial field. All of these features together contribute to entrepreneurial emotions related to mistrust, antagonism, fear, uncertainty and disappointment with Croatian institutions.
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