Large-scale, highly integrated and low-power-consuming hardware is becoming progressively more important for realizing optical neural networks (ONNs) capable of advanced optical computing. ...Traditional experimental implementations need N
units such as Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) for an input dimension N to realize typical computing operations (convolutions and matrix multiplication), resulting in limited scalability and consuming excessive power. Here, we propose the integrated diffractive optical network for implementing parallel Fourier transforms, convolution operations and application-specific optical computing using two ultracompact diffractive cells (Fourier transform operation) and only N MZIs. The footprint and energy consumption scales linearly with the input data dimension, instead of the quadratic scaling in the traditional ONN framework. A ~10-fold reduction in both footprint and energy consumption, as well as equal high accuracy with previous MZI-based ONNs was experimentally achieved for computations performed on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets. The integrated diffractive optical network (IDNN) chip demonstrates a promising avenue towards scalable and low-power-consumption optical computational chips for optical-artificial-intelligence.
Purpose
Five strategies were recommended by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology (AACE/ACE) guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal ...osteoporosis (PMO) patients with a very high fracture risk. We aimed to assess their cost-effectiveness in the United States (US).
Methods
A microsimulation Markov model was created to compare the cost-effectiveness of five treatment strategies, including zoledronate, denosumab, abaloparatide, teriparatide, and romosozumab in PMO patients with a recent fracture from the healthcare perspective of the US. The data used in the model were obtained from published studies or online resources. Base-case analysis, one-way deterministic sensitivity analysis (DSA) and probability sensitivity analysis (PSA) were conducted for 65-, 70-, 75-, and 80-year-old patients.
Results
In base case, at 65 years, zoledronate was the cheapest strategy. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER, which represent incremental costs per QALY gained) of denosumab, teriparatide, abaloparatide, and romosozumab against zoledronate were $13,020/QALY (quality-adjusted years), $477,331 /QALY, $176,287/QALY, and $98,953/QALY, respectively. Under a willing-to-pay (WTP, which means the highest price a consumer will pay for one unit of a good of service) threshold of $150,000/QALY, denosumab and romosozumab were cost-effective against zoledronate. The PSA results showed that denosumab was the most cost-effective option with WTP thresholds of $50,000/QALY, $100,000/QALY and $150,000/QALY. The results were similar in other age groups. The DSA results indicated that the most common parameters that have important influence on the outcome were drug persistence, incidence of adverse events, the efficacy of drugs on hip fractures and the cost of the drug.
Conclusion and relevance
Among PMO patients with a very high fracture risk in the US, zoledronate is the cheapest strategy and denosumab is the most cost-effective choice among these five strategies.
High-performance and long-pulse operation is a crucial goal of current magnetic fusion research. Here, we demonstrate a high-connement plasma regime known as an H-mode with a record pulse length of ...over 30 s in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak sustained by lower hybrid wave current drive (LHCD) with advanced lithium wall conditioning. We nd that LHCD provides a exible boundary control for a ubiquitous edge instability in H-mode plasmas known as an edge-localized mode, which leads to a marked reduction in the heat load on the vessel wall compared with standard edge-localized modes. LHCD also induces edge plasma ergodization that broadens the heat deposition footprint. The heat transport caused by this ergodization can be actively controlled by regulating the edge plasma conditions. This potentially offers a new means for heat-ux control, which is a key issue for next-step fusion development. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
In this work, bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibres were used as the biodegradable reinforcement. The BC nanofibres were incorporated in the starch plasticised with glycerol via a solution impregnation ...method. Tensile properties of the BC/starch biocomposites were tested and compared with those of the unreinforced starch. Moisture absorption of the biocomposites under 75% RH at 25
°C was analysed. The kinetics of sorption–diffusion process was investigated and typical kinetic parameters
D,
k, and
M
∞ were determined. Additionally, the BC/starch biocomposite (15.1
wt.% BC) and starch were submitted to biodegradation by soil burial experiments in perforated boxes. Tensile strength after exposure to moisture and microorganism attacks was measured. It is found that the moisture sorption mechanism in the BC/starch biocomposites follows a Fickan diffusion mode. The presence of BC nanofibres improves the tensile properties and the resistance to moisture and microorganism attacks. The mechanisms behind these phenomena are discussed in this paper.
Super bainitic structure in a medium carbon steel has been obtained at the temperatures below the Ms temperature of the bulk alloy by conducting multi-step low temperature transformation. The blocky ...microstructure in bainitic steels has been reduced and refined, and the average thickness of bainitic ferrite plates has also been reduced, which thus resulted in superior mechanical properties. SEM micrographs (low and high magnifications) show microstructure of various samples after (a and d) conventional bainite transformation, (b and e) two-step bainite transformation, (c and f) three-step bainite transformation.
The effect of multi-step low-temperature bainitic transformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a medium-carbon steel was investigated. Compared with the microstructure obtained by conventional bainitic transformation, the blocky microstructure was almost eliminated due to the formation of higher volumes of nanoscale bainitic–ferrite plates and film-like austenite, which lead to a refinement in the average thickness of the bainite plates. The samples with refined microstructure showed superior mechanical properties.
Aim
To examine the association between depression and impaired glucose regulation, newly diagnosed diabetes and previously diagnosed diabetes in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese people, and whether ...depression was associated with different treatment regimens or durations of diabetes.
Methods
A cross‐sectional study was performed among 229 047 adults living in the community aged ≥ 40 years from 25 centres in China. The self‐reported depression rating scale Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ–9) was used to diagnose probable and sub‐threshold depression. Glucose metabolism status was determined according to World Health Organization 1999 diagnostic criteria.
Results
The numbers of participants with normal glucose regulation, impaired glucose regulation, newly diagnosed diabetes and previously diagnosed diabetes were 120 458, 59 512, 24 826 and 24 251, respectively. The prevalence of sub‐threshold depression in the total sample of participants was 4.8% (4.8%, 4.8%, 4.4% and 5.6% from normal glucose regulation to previously diagnosed diabetes, respectively), and the prevalence of probable depression was 1.1% (1.1%, 1.0%, 0.9% and 1.8% from normal glucose regulation to previously diagnosed diabetes, respectively). Compared with participants with normal glucose regulation, those with previously diagnosed diabetes had increased odds of probable depression odds ratio (OR) = 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39–1.87 and sub‐threshold depression (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.24), after adjustment for multiple confounding factors. Newly diagnosed diabetes or impaired glucose regulation was not associated with depression. Among those with previously diagnosed diabetes, insulin treatment was associated with greater odds of depression compared with no treatment or oral anti‐diabetic medicine.
Conclusion
Previously diagnosed diabetes, but not newly diagnosed diabetes or impaired glucose regulation, was associated with a higher prevalence of depression. Patients receiving insulin were more likely to have depression than those not receiving treatment or being treated with oral anti‐diabetic medicine.
What's new?
Using a nationwide sample of middle‐aged and elderly Chinese people, we showed that patients with previously diagnosed diabetes had a higher prevalence of depression, compared with those with normal glucose regulation. Newly diagnosed diabetes or impaired glucose regulation were not associated with depression.
Patients with diabetes treated with insulin had greater odds of suffering from depression than those who were treated with oral medicine or were untreated. Duration of diabetes was not associated with depression, after accounting for the role of different treatments.
Trends in Canada’s climate are analyzed using recently updated data to provide a comprehensive view of climate variability and long-term changes over the period of instrumental record. Trends in ...surface air temperature, precipitation, snowcover, and streamflow indices are examined along with the potential impact of low-frequency variability related to large-scale atmospheric and oceanic oscillations on these trends. The results show that temperature has increased significantly in most regions of Canada over the period 1948–2012, with the largest warming occurring in winter and spring. Precipitation has also increased, especially in the north. Changes in other climate and hydroclimatic variables, including a decrease in the amount of precipitation falling as snow in the south, fewer days with snow cover, an earlier start of the spring high-flow season, and an increase in April streamflow, are consistent with the observed warming and precipitation trends. For the period 1900–2012, there are sufficient temperature and precipitation data for trend analysis for southern Canada (south of 60°N) only. During this period, temperature has increased significantly across the region, precipitation has increased, and the amount of precipitation falling as snow has decreased in many areas south of 55°N. The results also show that modes of low-frequency variability modulate the spatial distribution and strength of the trends; however, they alone cannot explain the observed long-term trends in these climate variables.
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•Pr-doped SnO2 hollow nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning.•The crystal structures, surface morphology, chemical state and gas sensing performance were investigated.•The ...Pr-doped SnO2 hollow structure exhibited good gas-sensing properties to ethanol at 300°C.•The relationships between response time (recovery time) and temperature, response time (recovery time) and concentration were investigated.•A sensor mechanism of hollow nanofibers depend on temperature was discussed.
Pure and Pr-doped SnO2 hollow nanofibers were fabricated through a facile single capillary electrospinning and followed by calcination. The properties of as-synthesized nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Compared with pure fibers, Pr-doped SnO2 nanofibers exhibited excellent ethanol sensing properties at the optimum temperature of 300°C. Maximum sensing response to ethanol was received in the fibers with 0.6wt% Pr. The relationships between response time (recovery time) and temperature, response time (recovery time) and concentration were investigated. The results demonstrated that the high response and relatively short response/recovery time were related to surface area, adsorbed oxygen species and oxygen vacancies.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of lycopene (LYC) on mitochondrial oxidative injury and dysfunction in the liver of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-exposed broilers. A total of 192 healthy ...1-day-old male broilers were randomly divided into 3 groups with 8 replicates of 8 birds each. Birds in the 3 groups were fed basal diet (control), basal diet with 100 µg/kg AFB1, and basal diet with 100 µg/kg AFB1 and 200 mg/kg LYC, respectively. The experiment lasted 42 d. The results showed that AFB1 decreased average daily body weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio (G :F) compared to the control group, the LYC supplementation increased ADG and G/F compared to AFB1 group (P < 0.05). Broilers in the AFB1 group had lower mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and thioredoxin reductase activities, and higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations than the control group (P < 0.05). The LYC increased mGSH concentration and GSH-Px and MnSOD activities, and decreased H2O2 and ROS concentrations compared to AFB1 group (P < 0.05). Broilers fed the AFB1 diet showed increased mitochondrial swelling and decreased adenosine triphosphate concentration than the control group, and LYC had opposite effects (P < 0.05). The AFB1 decreased the activities of mitochondrial electron transfer chain (ETC) complexes I, II, III, and V, downregulated the mRNA expression levels of hepatic MnSOD, thioredoxin 2, thioredoxin reductase, peroxiredoxin-3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A compared with the control group (P < 0.05), and LYC increased activities of mitochondrial ETC complexes III and V, and upregulated mRNA expression levels of these genes in comparison to AFB1 group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the LYC protected broilers from AFB1-induced liver mitochondrial oxidative injury and dysfunction by stimulating mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and maintaining mitochondrial biogenesis.
The concept of phase reversion involving severe cold deformation of metastable austenite to generate strain-induced martensite, followed by temperature–time annealing sequence, was used to obtain ...varying grain size from nanograined/ultrafine-grained (NG/UFG) to coarse-grained (CG) regime with the objective to elucidate the interplay between strain hardening behavior and deformation mechanisms in conjunction with the mechanical properties. The study underscores that irrespective of the grain structure and operating deformation mechanisms (twinning versus strain-induced martensite), the generic nature of strain hardening is unaltered. However, there were subtle differences in the three-stage strain hardening ability that were governed by noticeably different deformation mechanisms. There was transition in deformation mechanism from essentially nanoscale twinning in NG/UFG and sub-micron grained (SMG) structures to strain-induced martensite transformation in the fine-grained (FG) and CG structures, a behavior related to the increase in the stability of austenite with decrease in grain size.
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