Frustration, or the competition between interacting components of a network, is often responsible for the emergent complexity of many-body systems. For instance, frustrated magnetism is a hallmark of ...poorly understood systems such as quantum spin liquids, spin glasses, and spin ices, whose ground states can be massively degenerate and carry high degrees of quantum entanglement. Here, we engineer frustrated antiferromagnetic interactions between spins stored in a crystal of up to 16 trapped ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ atoms. We control the amount of frustration by continuously tuning the range of interaction and directly measure spin correlation functions and their coherent dynamics. This prototypical quantum simulation points the way toward a new probe of frustrated quantum magnetism and perhaps the design of new quantum materials.
The presence of long-range quantum spin correlations underlies a variety of physical phenomena in condensed-matter systems, potentially including high-temperature superconductivity. However, many ...properties of exotic, strongly correlated spin systems, such as spin liquids, have proved difficult to study, in part because calculations involving N-body entanglement become intractable for as few as N ≈ 30 particles. Feynman predicted that a quantum simulator--a special-purpose 'analogue' processor built using quantum bits (qubits)--would be inherently suited to solving such problems. In the context of quantum magnetism, a number of experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach, but simulations allowing controlled, tunable interactions between spins localized on two- or three-dimensional lattices of more than a few tens of qubits have yet to be demonstrated, in part because of the technical challenge of realizing large-scale qubit arrays. Here we demonstrate a variable-range Ising-type spin-spin interaction, J(i,j), on a naturally occurring, two-dimensional triangular crystal lattice of hundreds of spin-half particles (beryllium ions stored in a Penning trap). This is a computationally relevant scale more than an order of magnitude larger than previous experiments. We show that a spin-dependent optical dipole force can produce an antiferromagnetic interaction J(i,j) proportional variant d(-a)(i,j), where 0 ≤ a ≤ 3 and d(i,j) is the distance between spin pairs. These power laws correspond physically to infinite-range (a = 0), Coulomb-like (a = 1), monopole-dipole (a = 2) and dipole-dipole (a = 3) couplings. Experimentally, we demonstrate excellent agreement with a theory for 0.05 ≲ a ≲ 1.4. This demonstration, coupled with the high spin count, excellent quantum control and low technical complexity of the Penning trap, brings within reach the simulation of otherwise computationally intractable problems in quantum magnetism.
Measurements of skeletal muscle cross-sectional area, index, and radiation attenuation utilizing clinical computed tomography (CT) scans are used in assessments of sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal ...muscle mass and function associated with aging. To classify individuals as sarcopenic, sex-specific cutoffs for 'low' values are used. Conventionally, cutoffs for skeletal muscle measurements at the level of the third lumbar (L3) vertebra are used, however L3 is not included in several clinical CT protocols. Non-contrast-enhanced CT scans from healthy kidney donor candidates (age 18-40) at Michigan Medicine were utilized. Skeletal muscle area (SMA), index (SMI), and mean attenuation (SMRA) were measured at each vertebral level between the tenth thoracic (T10) and the fifth lumbar (L5) vertebra. Sex-specific means, standard deviations (s.d.), and sarcopenia cutoffs (mean-2 s.d.) at each vertebral level were computed. Associations between vertebral levels were assessed using Pearson correlations and Tukey's difference test. Classification agreement between different vertebral level cutoffs was assessed using overall accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. SMA, SMI, and SMRA L3 cutoffs for sarcopenia were 92.2 cm
, 34.4 cm
/m
, and 34.3 HU in females, and 144.3 cm
, 45.4 cm
/m
, and 38.5 HU in males, consistent with previously reported cutoffs. Correlations between all level pairs were statistically significant and high, ranging from 0.65 to 0.95 (SMA), 0.64 to 0.95 (SMI), and 0.63 to 0.95 (SMRA). SMA peaks at L3, supporting its use as the primary site for CT sarcopenia measurements. However, when L3 is not available alternative levels (in order of preference) are L2, L4, L5, L1, T12, T11, and T10. Healthy reference values reported here enable sarcopenia assessment and sex-specific standardization of SMA, SMI, and SMRA in clinical populations, including those whose CT protocols do not include L3.
Summary
Background
Patients on chronic haemodialysis (HD) have a higher incidence of cancer. However, the risk of skin cancer in this population has rarely been investigated.
Objectives
To ...investigate the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and cutaneous melanoma in patients on chronic HD and to explore the associated risk factors.
Methods
We performed retrospective cohort and nested case–control studies using records in the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database between 1999 and 2013. The HD cohort included 79 668 incident patients on HD, for whom the standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for incident NMSC and cutaneous melanoma were determined. In the nested case–control study, patients on HD with NMSC were matched to those without skin cancers. The impact of various factors on the development of NMSC was determined by conditional logistic regression analysis.
Results
Among the 79 668 patients on HD, 248 cases of NMSC and 22 cases of cutaneous melanoma occurred after a mean 4·95 years of follow‐up. The SIRs for NMSC and cutaneous melanoma in patients on HD were 1·58 (95% confidence interval 1·39–1·79) and 1·44 (95% confidence interval 0·91–2·19), respectively. Of the patients on HD, a higher risk of NMSC was found in men (1·5‐fold), South Taiwan residents (twofold) and patients with uraemic pruritus after long‐term antihistamine treatment (1·53‐fold). However, the incidence of NMSC was not increased in patients with uraemic pruritus receiving ultraviolet B phototherapy.
Conclusions
Patients on chronic HD are at higher risk of NMSC. Uraemic pruritus further increases the risk of NMSC, which might be prevented by ultraviolet B phototherapy.
What's already known about this topic?
Patients on chronic haemodialysis have a higher incidence of cancers, particularly those of the kidney, urinary tract and thyroid.
What does this study add?
Patients on chronic haemodialysis carry a higher risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC).
Uraemic pruritus with long‐term antihistamine treatment further increases the risk of NMSC.
Ultraviolet B phototherapy might reduce the cutaneous inflammatory status of uraemic pruritus, thereby diminishing the risk of NMSC.
Linked Comment: Yanik. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:1136–1137.
Plain language summary available online
Inflammatory markers such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are elevated in dialysis patients and can predict cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Endotoxin is ...an important source and also another marker of inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of oral probiotics on serum levels of endotoxemia and cytokines in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The decline of residual renal function, peritonitis episodes, and cardiovascular events were also recorded. From July 2011 to June 2012, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in PD patients. The intervention group received one capsule of probiotics containing 10(9) cfu Bifobacterium bifidum A218, 10(9) cfu Bifidobacterium catenulatum A302, 10(9) cfu Bifidobacterium longum A101, and 10(9) cfu Lactobacillus plantarum A87 daily for six months, while the placebo group received similar capsules containing maltodextrin for the same duration. Levels of serum TNF-α, interferon gamma, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and endotoxin were measured before and six months after intervention. 39 patients completed the study (21 in the probiotics group and 18 in the placebo group). In patients receiving probiotics, levels of serum TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, and endotoxin significantly decreased after six months of treatment, while levels of serum IL-10 significantly increased. In contrast, there were no significant changes in levels of serum cytokines and endotoxin in the placebo group after six months. In addition, the residual renal function was preserved in patients receiving probiotics. In conclusion, probiotics could significantly reduce the serum levels of endotoxin, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), IL-5, increase the serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and preserve residual renal function in PD patients.
Cancer patients are regarded as a highly vulnerable group in the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To date, the clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients ...remain largely unknown.
In this retrospective cohort study, we included cancer patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from three designated hospitals in Wuhan, China. Clinical data were collected from medical records from 13 January 2020 to 26 February 2020. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to assess the risk factors associated with severe events defined as a condition requiring admission to an intensive care unit, the use of mechanical ventilation, or death.
A total of 28 COVID-19-infected cancer patients were included; 17 (60.7%) patients were male. Median (interquartile range) age was 65.0 (56.0–70.0) years. Lung cancer was the most frequent cancer type (n = 7; 25.0%). Eight (28.6%) patients were suspected to have hospital-associated transmission. The following clinical features were shown in our cohort: fever (n = 23, 82.1%), dry cough (n = 22, 81%), and dyspnoea (n = 14, 50.0%), along with lymphopaenia (n = 23, 82.1%), high level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (n = 23, 82.1%), anaemia (n = 21, 75.0%), and hypoproteinaemia (n = 25, 89.3%). The common chest computed tomography (CT) findings were ground-glass opacity (n = 21, 75.0%) and patchy consolidation (n = 13, 46.3%). A total of 15 (53.6%) patients had severe events and the mortality rate was 28.6%. If the last antitumour treatment was within 14 days, it significantly increased the risk of developing severe events hazard ratio (HR) = 4.079, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.086–15.322, P = 0.037. Furthermore, patchy consolidation on CT on admission was associated with a higher risk of developing severe events (HR = 5.438, 95% CI 1.498–19.748, P = 0.010).
Cancer patients show deteriorating conditions and poor outcomes from the COVID-19 infection. It is recommended that cancer patients receiving antitumour treatments should have vigorous screening for COVID-19 infection and should avoid treatments causing immunosuppression or have their dosages decreased in case of COVID-19 coinfection.
•We retrospectively studied clinical features of 28 severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-infected cancer patients from three hospitals in Wuhan, China.•We analysed risk factors associated with occurrence of admission to an intensive care unit, usage of mechanical ventilation, or death.•COVID-19-infected cancer patients presented poor outcomes with high occurrence of clinically severe event and mortality.•Antitumour treatment within 14 days of COVID-19 diagnosis increased the risk of developing severe events.
Aims
This study examined the biotransformation pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 by the fungus Esteya vermicola CNU 120806.
Methods and Results
Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd were extracted from the root of Panax ...ginseng. Liquid fermentation and purified enzyme hydrolysis were employed to investigate the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1. The metabolites were identified and confirmed using NMR analysis as gypenoside XVII and gypenoside LXXV. A mole yield of 95·4% gypenoside LXXV was obtained by enzymatic conversion (pH 5·0, temperature 50°C). Ginsenoside Rd was used to verify the transformation pathway under the same reaction condition. The product Compound K (mole yield 49·6%) proved a consecutive hydrolyses occurred at the C‐3 position of ginsenoside Rb1.
Conclusions
Strain CNU 120806 showed a high degree of specific β‐glucosidase activity to convert ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd to gypenoside LXXV and Compound K, respectively. The maximal activity of the purified glucosidase for ginsenosides transformation occurred at 50°C and pH 5·0. Compared with its activity against pNPG (100%), the β‐glucosidase exhibited quite lower level of activity against other aryl‐glycosides. Enzymatic hydrolysate, gypenoside LXXV and Compound K were produced by consecutive hydrolyses of the terminal and inner glucopyranosyl moieties at the C‐3 carbon of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd, giving the pathway: ginsenoside Rb1→ gypenoside XVII → gypenoside LXXV; ginsenoside Rd→F2→Compound K, but did not hydrolyse the 20‐C, β‐(1‐6)‐glucoside of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd.
Significance and Impact of the Study
The results showed an important practical application on the preparation of gypenoside LXXV. Additionally, this study for the first time provided a high efficient preparation method for gypenoside LXXV without further conversion, which also gives rise to a potential commercial enzyme application.
The nonlinear Hall effect has opened the door towards deeper understanding of topological states of matter. Disorder plays indispensable roles in various linear Hall effects, such as the localization ...in the quantized Hall effects and the extrinsic mechanisms of the anomalous, spin, and valley Hall effects. Unlike in the linear Hall effects, disorder enters the nonlinear Hall effect even in the leading order. Here, we derive the formulas of the nonlinear Hall conductivity in the presence of disorder scattering. We apply the formulas to calculate the nonlinear Hall response of the tilted 2D Dirac model, which is the symmetry-allowed minimal model for the nonlinear Hall effect and can serve as a building block in realistic band structures. More importantly, we construct the general scaling law of the nonlinear Hall effect, which may help in experiments to distinguish disorder-induced contributions to the nonlinear Hall effect in the future.
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