Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)-based electrochemical biosensors (ECBSs) have many advantages from MIPs and ECBSs, such as high selectivity and sensitivity, chemical/mechanical stability, ...reusability, low limit of detection, facile preparation and low cost. MIPs-based ECBSs attract much attention in medical diagnose, biological analysis, environmental monitoring, food safety evaluation, etc. Due to the capacity of highly specific recognition for target biomolecules, MIPs-based ECBSs have been smartly designed and extensively used for electrochemical sensing applications in recent years, exhibiting obvious superiority over other analytical techniques. In this review, firstly we systematically summarize the recent advances of MIPs-based ECBSs reported in recent years, referring to the preparation, structures and components of sensing systems. Secondly, we highlight the sensing applications for various significant biomolecules (proteins, antibiotics, pesticide, neurotransmitter, hormone, etc.), and demonstrate the sensing mechanism and detection performance. Finally, the rational summaries, present challenges and future prospects in the field of MIPs-based ECBSs have been discussed reasonably.
•This review paper systematically summarizes the recent advances of MIPs-based ECBSs.•The sensing applications of MIPs-based ECBSs for various important biomolecules are addressed.•The present challenges and further prospects of MIPs-based ECBSs are also highlighted.
Major depression is a prevalent mood disorder. Chronic stress is presumably main etiology that leads to the neuron and synapse atrophies in the limbic system. However, the intermediate molecules from ...stresses to neuronal atrophy remain elusive, which we have studied in the medial prefrontal cortices from depression mice.
The mice were treated by the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) until they expressed depression-like behaviors confirmed by the tests of sucrose preference, forced swimming and Y-maze. High-throughput sequencings of microRNA and mRNA in the medial prefrontal cortices were performed in CUMS-induced depression mice versus control mice to demonstrate the molecular profiles of major depression. In the medial prefrontal cortices of depression-like mice, the levels of mRNAs that translated the proteins for the GABAergic synapses, dopaminergic synapses, myelination, synaptic vesicle cycle and neuronal growth were downregulated. miRNAs of regulating these mRNAs are upregulated.
The deteriorations of GABAergic and dopaminergic synapses as well as axonal growth are associated with CUMS-induced depression.
Major depression in negative mood is presumably induced by chronic stress with lack of reward. However, most individuals who experience chronic stress demonstrate resilience. Molecular mechanisms ...underlying stress‐ induced depression versus resilience remain unknown, which are investigated in brain reward circuits. Mice were treated by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks. The tests of sucrose preference, Y‐maze, and forced swimming were used to identify depression‐like emotion behavior or resilience. High‐throughput sequencing was used to analyze mRNA and miRNA quantity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) harvested from the mice in the groups of control, CUMS‐induced depression (CUMS‐MDD), and CUMS‐resistance to identify molecular profiles of CUMS‐MDD versus CUMS‐resilience. In data analyses and comparison among three groups, 1.5‐fold ratio in reads per kilo‐base per million reads (RPKM) was set to judge involvements of mRNA and miRNA in CUMS, MDD, or resilience. The downregulations of serotonergic/dopaminergic synapses, MAPK/calcium signaling pathways, and morphine addiction as well as the upregulations of cAMP/PI3K‐Akt signaling pathways and amino acid metabolism are associated with CUMS‐MDD. The downregulations of chemokine signaling pathway, synaptic vesicle cycle, and nicotine addiction as well as the upregulations of calcium signaling pathway and tyrosine metabolism are associated with CUMS‐resilience. The impairments of serotonergic/dopaminergic synapses and PI3K‐Akt/MAPK signaling pathways in the NAc are associated with depression. The upregulation of these entities is associated with resilience. Consistent results from analyzing mRNA/miRNA and using different methods validate our finding and conclusion.
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•This review summarizes recent advances in dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence probes.•Categories, fabrication, chemo/biosensing and bioimaging applications for biomarker detection ...are introduced.•Current states, challenges and future perspectives of the probes are discussed.
A biomarker-based detection improves early diagnosis and subsequent treatment of diseases. Chemo/biosensing and bioimaging play a crucial role in biomarker detection. Ratiometric fluorescence (FL) probes provide built-in self-calibration for the correction of various target-independent factors and attract particular attention for analytical sensing and optical imaging. Based on the potential to provide a precise, quantitative, visual and real-time analysis, ratiometric FL probes are widely employed for chemo/biosensing and bioimaging detection of biomarkers. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent progress on dual-emission ratiometric FL probes. First, two general categories of ratiometric FL probes are introduced, involving ratiometric FL with one reference signal and two reversible signal changes. Then, fabrication methods of ratiometric FL probes are summarized in detail, including nanoparticle- or organic dye-embedded probes with dual-emission FL, fluorescent nanoparticles and organic dyes dual-embedded probes. Analytical applications of ratiometric FL probes are described overall, referring to different biomarker types and detection mechanisms, ratiometric FL chemo/biosensing in external samples and FL visual detection, ratiometric FL bioimaging in cells and tissues of small animals. Current states, probable challenges and future perspectives of ratiometric FL probes for biomarker detection are discussed rationally. This comprehensive review is attractive for numerous scientists from different areas, such as material science, chemistry, biomedicine, engineering, physics, etc. This review covers a wide range of scientific disciplines and benefits further development of functionalized optical materials, luminescent devices and bioimaging technique.
Efficient removal of particulate matter (PM) is the major goal for various air cleaning technologies due to its huge impact on human health. Here, a washable high‐efficiency triboelectric air filter ...(TAF) that can be used multiple times is presented. The TAF consists of five layers of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and nylon fabrics. Compared with traditional electrostatic precipitator, which requires a high‐voltage power supply, the TAF can be charged by simply rubbing the PTFE and nylon fabrics against each other. The electrical properties of the TAF are evaluated through the periodic contacting–separating of the PTFE and nylon fabrics using a linear motor, and an open‐circuit voltage of 190 V is achieved. After charging, the TAF has a removal efficiency of 84.7% for PM0.5, 96.0% for PM2.5, which are 3.22 and 1.39 times as large as the uncharged one. Most importantly, after washing several times, the removal efficiency of the TAF maintains almost the same, while the commercial face mask drops to 70% of its original efficiency. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of the PM2.5 is very stable under high relative humidity. Therefore, the TAF is promising for fabricating a reusable and high‐efficiency face mask.
A multilayer triboelectric air filter consists of five layers of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and nylon fabrics. A high removal efficiency is achieved by rubbing the fabrics against each other, and the removal efficiency maintains high under high humidity, in a durability test or after several washing cycles. Moreover, a face mask made of this air filter can be used in daily life.
Graph-based computational network analysis has proven a powerful tool to quantitatively characterize functional architectures of the brain. However, the test-retest (TRT) reliability of graph metrics ...of functional networks has not been systematically examined. Here, we investigated TRT reliability of topological metrics of functional brain networks derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Specifically, we evaluated both short-term (<1 hour apart) and long-term (>5 months apart) TRT reliability for 12 global and 6 local nodal network metrics. We found that reliability of global network metrics was overall low, threshold-sensitive and dependent on several factors of scanning time interval (TI, long-term>short-term), network membership (NM, networks excluding negative correlations>networks including negative correlations) and network type (NT, binarized networks>weighted networks). The dependence was modulated by another factor of node definition (ND) strategy. The local nodal reliability exhibited large variability across nodal metrics and a spatially heterogeneous distribution. Nodal degree was the most reliable metric and varied the least across the factors above. Hub regions in association and limbic/paralimbic cortices showed moderate TRT reliability. Importantly, nodal reliability was robust to above-mentioned four factors. Simulation analysis revealed that global network metrics were extremely sensitive (but varying degrees) to noise in functional connectivity and weighted networks generated numerically more reliable results in compared with binarized networks. For nodal network metrics, they showed high resistance to noise in functional connectivity and no NT related differences were found in the resistance. These findings provide important implications on how to choose reliable analytical schemes and network metrics of interest.
Objectives
Major depressive disorder characterized as recurrent negative mood is one of the prevalent psychiatric diseases. Chronic stress plus lack of reward may induce long-term imbalance between ...reward and penalty circuits in the brain, leading to persistent negative mood. Numerous individuals demonstrate resilience to chronic mild stress. Molecular mechanisms for major depression and resilience in the brain remain unclear.
Methods
After juvenile mice were treated by the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks, they were screened by sucrose preference, Y-maze and forced swimming tests to examine whether their behaviors were depression-like or not. mRNA and miRNA profiles were quantified by high-throughput sequencing in amygdala tissues harvested from control, CUMS-susceptible, and CUMS-resilience mice.
Results
1.5-fold ratio in reads per kilo-base per million reads was set to be the threshold to judge the involvement of mRNAs and miRNAs in the CUMS, major depression, or resilience. In the amygdala from CUMS-susceptible mice, the expression of genes relevant to GABAergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic synapses was changed, as well as the expression of genes that encoded signal pathways of PI3K-Akt, calcium, cAMP, MAPK, and drug addiction was imbalanced. The expression of these genes in the amygdala form CUMS-resilience mice was less changed.
Conclusions
The downregulation of genes relevant to synaptic functions and the imbalance of intra-signaling pathway in the amygdala are associated with major depression. Consistent results through sequencing mRNA and miRNA and using different methods validate our finding and conclusion.
Purpose
The motor symptoms (MS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been affecting the quality of life in patients. In clinical practice, most patients with PD report that MS are more severe in winter ...than in summer, and hyperthermic baths (HTB) could temporarily improve MS. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of seasonal variation and aquatic thermal environment of HTB on the MS of PD.
Patients and methods
A cross‐sectional study of 203 Chinese Han patients was performed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze seasonal variation in MS relative to baseline data (sex, age at onset, duration, season of birth, Hoehn and Yahr stage, family history, levodopa equivalent dose, and the effect of HTB on MS). Ten subjects participated in the HTB study, and one patient dropped out. The paired Wilcoxon rank test was used to assess the differences in the Movement Disorder Society‐United Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS) part III motor examination total scores and the modified Webster Symptoms Score between non‐HTB and before HTB and between non‐HTB and after HTB.
Results
The improvement of MS after HTB was an independent risk factor for seasonal variation in MS (OR, 25.203; 95% CI, 10.951–58.006; p = .000). Patients with PD had significant improvements in the MDS‐UPDRS part III motor examination total scores, especially in bradykinesia (p = .043), rigidity (p = .008), posture (p = .038), and rest tremor amplitude (p = .047).
Conclusion
Seasonal variation in temperature and water temperature of HTB may affect MS in some patients with PD. Simple HTB could be recommended as physiotherapy for patients with PD who report temperature‐sensitive MS.
In order to evaluate the effects of seasonal variation and aquatic thermal environment of hyperthermic baths (HTB) on the motor symptoms (MS) of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study assessed the differences in the Movement Disorder Society‐United Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS) part III motor examination total scores between non‐HTB and before HTB and between non‐HTB and after HTB. We found that seasonal variation in temperature and water temperature of HTB may affect MS in some PD patients. Simple HTB could be recommended as physiotherapy to PD patients who report temperature‐sensitive MS.
MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in lymphoma progression by regulating tumor cell interaction with microenvironment. MiR155 is overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and its biological ...effect on tumor microenvironment needs to be futher investigated.
MiR155 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR in patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL. The mechanism of action of miR155 on lymphoma progression and tumor microenvironment was examined in vitro in B-lymphoma cell lines and in vivo in a murine xenograft model.
Serum miR155 was significantly elevated, correlated with tumor miR155 expression, and indicated poor disease outcome in DLBCL. MiR155 overexpression was associated with decreased peripheral blood CD8+T cells and inhibition of T-cell receptor signaling. Of note, EBV-positive patients showed higher serum miR155 than EBV-negative patients. In co-culture systems of B-lymphoma cells with immune cells, miR155 induced Fas-mediated apoptosis of CD8+T cells, which could be targeted by anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Moreover, miR155 enhanced lymphoma cell PD-L1 expression, recruited CD8+T cells by PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and inhibited CD8+T cell function via dephosphorylating AKT and ERK. MiR155-induced AKT/ERK inactivation was more obvious in CD8+T cells co-cultured with EBV-infected B-lymphoma cells. In vivo in a murine xenograft model established with subcutaneous injection of A20 cells, PD-L1 blockade particularly retarded miR155-overexpressing tumor growth, consistent with maintenance of CD8+T cells and their function.
As a oncogenic biomarker of B-cell lymphoma, serum miR155 was related to lymphoma progression through modulating PD-1/PD-L1-mediated interaction with CD8+T cells of tumor microenvironment, indicating the sensitivity of B-cell lymphoma to PD-L1 blockade. Also CD8+T cells could be a therapeutic mediator of immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies.
Memory traces are believed to be broadly allocated in cerebral cortices and the hippocampus. Mutual synapse innervations among these brain areas are presumably formed in associative memory. In the ...present study, we have used neuronal tracing by pAAV-carried fluorescent proteins and
mRNA knockdown by shRNAs to examine the role of neuroligin-3-mediated synapse formation in the interconnection between primary associative memory cells in the sensory cortices and secondary associative memory cells in the hippocampus during the acquisition and memory of associated signals. Our studies show that mutual synapse innervations between the barrel cortex and the hippocampal CA3 region emerge and are upregulated after the memories of associated whisker and odor signals come into view. These synapse interconnections are downregulated by a knockdown of neuroligin-3-mediated synapse linkages. New synapse interconnections and the strengthening of these interconnections appear to endorse the belief in an interaction between the hippocampus and sensory cortices for memory consolidation.
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