To combat pollution, the Chinese government has taken a series of environmental regulations, including requiring cities to report their daily air quality information. This has affected not only the ...environmental performance of governments and enterprises but also individual happiness. This paper attempts to explore whether and how mandatory air quality information disclosure affects happiness in China, using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach across cities for the waves 2007, 2008 and 2013. Empirical results show that in Chinese cities, people feel less happy over time although there is an increase in GDP per capita. Moreover, it is found that mandatory air pollution index (API) disclosure exerts a significantly positive impact on happiness, mainly by reducing air pollution. Our analysis has policy implications that for developing countries, air quality information disclosure should be encouraged since it is effective in combating air pollution resulting from high economic development and meanwhile it adds to individual happiness.
•This paper examines the impact of mandatory air quality information disclosure on individual happiness, using a difference-in-differences (DID) model across China's cities for the waves 2007, 2008 and 2013.•People feel happier in cities with API disclosure than those in cities without API disclosure. Meanwhile, happiness level in high SO2 pollution cities is also higher than in cities with low SO2 emission.•API disclosure positively and significantly responds to individual happiness, especially in cities with low SO2 pollution.•API disclosure influences individual happiness by increasing environmental transparency and by reducing air pollution.•Improving environmental transparency can be used as a means to reduce pollution and to promote the public's subjective well-being, especially in developing countries.
A new type of flexible Janus nanoribbons array with anisotropic electrical conductivity, magnetism, and photoluminescence has been successfully fabricated by electrospinning technology using a ...specially designed parallel spinneret. Every single Janus nanoribbon in the array consists of a half side of Fe3O4 nanoparticles/polyaniline/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) conductive‐magnetic bifunctionality and the other half side of Tb(BA)3phen/PMMA insulative‐photoluminescent characteristics, and all the Janus nanoribbons are aligned to form array. Owing to the unique nanostructure, the conductance along with the length direction of nanoribbons reaches up to eight orders of magnitude higher than that along with perpendicular direction, which is by far the most excellent conductive anisotropy for anisotropic conductive materials. The Janus nanoribbons array is also simultaneously endowed with magnetic and photoluminescent characteristics. The obtained Janus nanoribbons array will have important applications in the future subminiature electronic equipments owing to its high electrical anisotropy and multifunctionality. Furthermore, the design concept and fabrication technique for the flexible Janus nanoribbons array provide a new and facile approach for the preparation of anisotropic conductive films with multifunctionality.
Novel Janus nanoribbons arrays with excellent electrically conductive anisotropy, magnetism, and photoluminescence are prepared via electrospinning technology. Based on the unique nanostructure, conductance in the direction parallel to the Janus nanoribbons is almost eight orders of magnitude higher than that in the perpendicular direction, which is by far the most excellent conductive anisotropy for anisotropic conductive materials.
Transition-metal tetravalent manganese ions (Mn4+) as luminescence center of red phosphors have drawn much attention owing to their broad-band absorption extended from UV to blue regions and narrow ...red-emissive band. In the present work, a series of Mn4+-doped BaGeF6 red phosphors were obtained via hydrothermal method. X-ray powder diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, and photoluminescence spectra were employed to determine the crystal structure, composition, morphology, and photoluminescence properties of all samples. The prepared BaGeF6:Mn4+ samples demonstrate two dominant broadband absorption at near-UV (∼366 nm) and blue regions (∼470 nm) and intense red emissions (∼635 nm) under 470 nm excitation. In addition, the morphology and the emission intensities were successfully controlled by adjusting doping concentrations, reaction times, reaction temperatures, barium sources, and surfactants. Concentration quenching and thermal quenching mechanisms were studied in detail. When the BaGeF6:Mn4+ red phosphor was introduced into the light-emitting diode, warm white light-emitting diodes (w-LEDs) were successfully fabricated, which have high color rendering index (Ra = 86.3) and low correlated color temperature (4766 K), indicating that the BaGeF6:Mn4+ red phosphor provides a good opportunity for application in w-LEDs.
In order to achieve high-yielding rate of Janus microfibers in electrospun product, conjugate electrospinning is employed via optimization of electrospinning conditions. Further, Janus microfibers ...array affording dual-functional performance of magnetism and fluorescence is fabricated by above technique. The unique structure has the advantage of realizing complete separation of fluorescent materials from magnetic nanoparticles, which can ensure high fluorescent intensity without remarkably adverse effect of magnetic substance. The diameter of the fibers in the array is 11.72 ± 0.09 μm. The emission peaks of Tb3+ are found and assigned to the transitions of 5D4 → 7F6 (490 nm), 5D4 → 7F5 (545 nm), 5D4 → 7F4 (581 nm) and 5D4 → 7F3 (620 nm). Compared with the counterpart contrastive samples, Janus microfibers array present higher comprehensive performance owing to the exceptional structure and directionally ordered arrangement. Moreover, the saturation magnetization can be tailored from 3.6 emu·g−1 to 24.0 emu·g−1via adding various amounts of Fe3O4 NPs. This work provides an effective method to fabricate other advanced multifunctional materials.
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•High-yielding rate of Janus microfibers in the product is designed and actualized via conjugate electrospinning.•Magnetism and fluorescence are highly integrated into a single Janus microfiber.•Adverse influence of magnetic material on fluorescent material is greatly reduced.•Fabrication technique can be popularized to obtain other Janus multifunctional materials.
Most welfare states design their tax/benefit-system to combat income poverty. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of social transfers and income taxes in alleviating poverty. We use micro-data from ...the Luxembourg Income Study to examine the antipoverty effect of social transfers and income taxes. Our data also allow us to decompose the trajectory of the market income poverty to disposable income poverty into 7 different benefits, income taxes and social contributions. On average across 49 countries, 15 percent of the total population is lifted out of poverty via tax/benefit-systems. As far as specific social programs are concerned, only three programs account for the bulk of total poverty reduction: old-age/disability/survivor scheme (81%), social programs for family and children (14%) and the unemployment scheme (8%).
Y
2
O
2
S:Eu
3+
nanobelts were successfully prepared via electrospinning method and sulfurization process using the as-prepared Y
2
O
3
:Eu
3+
nanobelts and sulfur powders as sulfur source by a ...double-crucible method for the first time. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the Y
2
O
2
S:Eu
3+
nanobelts were pure hexagonal in structure with space group
P
m
1. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the width and thickness of the Y
2
O
2
S:Eu
3+
nanobelts were ca. 6.7 μm and 125 nm, respectively. Under the excitation of 325-nm ultraviolet light, Y
2
O
2
S:Eu
3+
nanobelts exhibited red emissions of predominant peaks at 628 and 618 nm, which are attributed to the
5
D
0
→
7
F
2
transition of the Eu
3+
ions. It was found that the optimum doping concentration of Eu
3+
ions in the Y
2
O
2
S: Eu
3+
nanobelts was 3 %. Compared with bulk particle, Eu
3+
–O
2−
/S
2−
charge transfer bands (260 and 325 nm) of the Y
2
O
2
S:Eu
3+
nanobelts showed a blue-shift significantly. The formation mechanism of the Y
2
O
2
S: Eu
3+
nanobelts was also proposed. This new sulfurization technique is of great importance, not only to inherit the morphology of rare earth oxides but also to fabricate pure-phase rare earth oxysulfides at low temperature compared with conventional sulfurization method.
The assessment of environmental and health impacts stemming from sports mega-events plays an important role in evaluating the overall cost–benefit of the events. This study utilizes microdata sourced ...from the China Household Income Project in conjunction with a time-varying difference-in-differences methodology. Through this approach, we estimated the impact of the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games on both air quality and public health conditions within China. The results reveal the following: (1) The Games wield substantial and favorable effects on self-perceived health; (2) The primary avenue through which the Games improve self-perceived health is by mitigating air pollution levels in the cities associated with the Games; (3) The cost–benefit analysis unveils that hosting the Games has led to a reduction of 1103.12 million RMB in residents’ medical expenses, with the improved air quality accounting for 20.15% of the cost reduction.
Leukemia is a severe blood disorder that poses a threat to the life and well-being of patients. Accurate diagnosis of leukemia typing is crucial for treatment and prognosis. However, manual diagnosis ...requires significant resources and is subject to observer variation. Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) technologies have emerged as a promising approach to complement manual diagnosis and alleviate the workload of specialized physicians. With the recent advances in deep learning, the performance of CAD has been substantially enhanced. In this paper, we propose a novel classification model, AMLNet, for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. AMLNet is a lightweight model based on the ShuffleNet V2 architecture. We first validate the performance of the convolutional neural network and Transformer architecture models on the largest AML cell dataset to date. Then, we enhance the data augmentation approach and model structure of the ShuffleNet V2 model to develop AMLNet. The AUC, sensitivity, and accuracy of AMLNet are up to 0.9935%, 63.91%, and 96.43%, respectively, which achieves the optimal classification performance. Finally, the classification performance of AMLNet is verified on other public datasets, which is superior to other methods. AMLNet presents a promising solution for practical diagnosis scenarios since the end devices of assisted diagnosis often have limited computational power. The proposed AMLNet model effectively improves the classification performance of ShuffleNet V2 while offering the advantages of high performance and low computational consumption. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential of lightweight deep learning models in improving the accuracy of leukemia typing and reducing the workload of specialized physicians.
A Eu(BA)
3
phen/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)//Fe
3
O
4
/PVP Janus-type nanofibers array membrane (JNAM) concurrently displaying dual-functionality of improved red luminescence and tuneable ...superparamagnetism is successfully built by conjugative electrospinning. Conjugative electrospinning has lower claims on the similarity of the viscosity of two types of spinning dope than parallel electrospinning, so there’s no need to keep identical viscosity between two spinning dopes. This technique solves the dilemma of diffusion between two spinning dopes in parallel electrospinning process using two ordinary spinnerets for electrospinning, and entirely separates superparamagnetic nanoparticles from luminescent molecules. It is found that luminescent performance of JNAM is stronger than that of counterpart Janus-type nanofibers non-array membrane. The superparamagnetism of JNAM can be regulated by varying internal Fe
3
O
4
NPs amount. The JNAM possesses latent application value in display devices, nanotechnology, etc. due to the improved red luminescence and tuneable superparamagnetism. Furthermore, this design notion and manufacturing approach furnish a route for constructing other unidimensional multifunctional Janus-type nanomaterials.
The MWCNTs-NaGdF4:Yb3+, Er3+, Eu3+ multifunctional nanocomposites with magnetic, luminescent and thermal conversion properties were fabricated by a facile hydrothermal method, the up-conversion ...luminescence imaging, X-ray computed tomography imaging and photothermal therapy of nanocomposites were investigated. The obtained nanocomposites would have promising applications in diagnosis and therapy of tumors.
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Multifunctional nanocomposites (NCs) incorporating magnetic, luminescent and photothermal conversion properties are endowed with potential application in many fields such as imaging, tumor detection, drug delivery and therapy. Here, multifunctional MWCNTs-NaGdF4:Yb3+, Er3+, Eu3+ NCs, which offer the potential for integrated bioimaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) were fabricated by a facile hydrothermal method. The resulting sample exhibits uniform morphology, bright dual-modal luminescence and intrinsic paramagnetic properties. Under near-infrared laser excitation, NCs have excellent photothermal conversion properties. In addition, the MTT assay in HeLa cells shows that the NCs have good biocompatibility. Moreover, the up-conversion luminescence (UCL) imaging, X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging and PTT in vitro of NCs were investigated. The results indicate that NCs can be used for dual-modal imaging-guided diagnose and PTT of cancer cells.
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