Although cross‐coupling reactions of amides by selective N−C cleavage are one of the most powerful and burgeoning areas in organic synthesis due to the ubiquity of amide bonds, the development of ...mechanochemical, solid‐state methods remains a major challenge. Herein, we report the first mechanochemical strategy for highly chemoselective, solvent‐free palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of amides by N−C bond activation. The method is conducted in the absence of external heating, for short reaction time and shows excellent chemoselectivity for σ N−C bond activation. The reaction shows excellent functional group tolerance and can be applied to late‐stage functionalization of complex APIs and sequential orthogonal cross‐couplings exploiting double solventless solid‐state methods. The results extend mechanochemical reaction environments to advance the chemical repertoire of N−C bond interconversions to solid‐state environmentally friendly mechanochemical methods.
The first mechanochemical strategy for highly chemoselective, solvent‐free palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of amides by N−C bond activation is reported. The protocol advances the biorelevant amide bond cross‐coupling manifold to solid‐state solventless cross‐coupling methods.
(Dunn) Pimenov, commonly known as Qianhu in China, is a widely used folk Chinese herbal medicine. This article reviews its botanical traits, ethnopharmacology, cultivation techniques, identification, ...phytochemical compositions, and pharmacological effects. Over 70 coumarin compounds, including simple coumarins, pyranocoumarins, and furanocoumarins, have been isolated within this plant. Additionally,
contains other components such as flavonoids, fatty acids, benzoic acids, and sterols. This information highlights the importance of utilizing active ingredients and excavating pharmacological effects. With its remarkable versatility,
exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects. It has been found to possess expectorant and bronchodilator properties, cardiovascular protection, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, anti-tumor effects, and even antidiabetic properties. It is recommended to focus on the development of new drugs that leverage the active ingredients of
and explore its potential for new clinical applications and holistic utilization.
, a perennial medicinal plant from the Scrophulariaceae family, is the original species of
Radix (SR) in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. This medicine is usually deliberately substituted or accidentally ...contaminated with other closely related species including
,
, and
. Given the ambiguous identification of germplasm and complex evolutionary relationships within the genus, the complete chloroplast genomes of the four mentioned
species were sequenced and characterized. Comparative genomic studies revealed a high degree of conservation in genomic structure, gene arrangement, and content within the species, with the entire chloroplast genome spanning 153,016-153,631 bp in full length, encoding 132 genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 18 duplicated genes. We identified 8 highly variable plastid regions and 39-44 SSRs as potential molecular markers for further species identification in the genus. The consistent and robust phylogenetic relationships of
and its common adulterants were firstly established using a total of 28 plastid genomes from the Scrophulariaceae family. In the monophyletic group,
was determined to be the earliest diverging species, succeeded by
. Meanwhile,
and
were clustered together as sister clades. Our research manifestly illustrates the efficacy of plastid genomes in identifying
and its counterfeits and will also contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolutionary processes within
Natural disasters such as landslides often occur on soil slopes in seasonally frozen areas that undergo freeze‒thaw cycling. Ecological slope protection is an effective way to prevent such disasters. ...To explore the change in the mechanical properties of soil under the influence of both root reinforcement and freeze‒thaw cycles and its influence on slope stability, the Baijiabao landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area was taken as an example. The mechanical properties of soil under different confining pressures, vegetation coverages (VCs) and numbers of freeze‒thaw cycles were studied via mechanical tests, such as triaxial compression tests, wave velocity tests and FLAC3D simulations. The results show that the shear strength of a root-soil composite increases with increasing confining pressure and VC and decreases with increasing number of freeze‒thaw cycles. Bermuda grass roots and confining pressure jointly improve the durability of soil under freeze‒thaw conditions. However, with an increase in the number of freeze‒thaw cycles, the resistance of root reinforcement to freeze‒thaw action gradually decreases. The observed effect of freeze‒thaw cycles on soil degradation was divided into three stages: a significant decrease in strength, a slight decrease in strength and strength stability. Freeze‒thaw cycles and VC mainly affect the cohesion of the soil and have little effect on the internal friction angle. Compared with that of a bare soil slope, the safety factor of a slope covered with plants is larger, the maximum displacement of a landslide is smaller, and it is less affected by freezing and thawing. These findings can provide a reference for research on ecological slope protection technology.
COVID-19 increased global mortality in 2019. Cystitis became a contributing factor in SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 complications. The complex molecular links between cystitis and COVID-19 are unclear. ...This study investigates COVID-19-associated cystitis (CAC) molecular mechanisms and drug candidates using bioinformatics and systems biology. Obtain the gene expression profiles of IC (GSE11783) and COVID-19 (GSE147507) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Identified the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both IC and COVID-19, and extracted a number of key genes from this group. Subsequently, conduct Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis on the DEGs. Additionally, design a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, a transcription factor gene regulatory network, a TF miRNA regulatory network, and a gene disease association network using the DEGs. Identify and extract hub genes from the PPI network. Then construct Nomogram diagnostic prediction models based on the hub genes. The DSigDB database was used to forecast many potential molecular medicines that are associated with common DEGs. Assess the precision of hub genes and Nomogram models in diagnosing IC and COVID-19 by employing Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The IC dataset (GSE57560) and the COVID-19 dataset (GSE171110) were selected to validate the models' diagnostic accuracy. A grand total of 198 DEGs that overlapped were found and chosen for further research. FCER1G, ITGAM, LCP2, LILRB2, MNDA, SPI1, and TYROBP were screened as the hub genes. The Nomogram model, built using the seven hub genes, demonstrates significant utility as a diagnostic prediction model for both IC and COVID-19. Multiple potential molecular medicines associated with common DEGs have been discovered. These pathways, hub genes, and models may provide new perspectives for future research into mechanisms and guide personalised and effective therapeutics for IC patients infected with COVID-19.
Manipulating electronic structure of alloy‐based electrocatalysts can eagerly regulate its catalytic efficiency and corrosion resistance for water splitting and fundamentally understand the catalytic ...mechanisms for oxygen/hydrogen evolution reactions (OER/HER). Herein, the metallic Co‐assisted Co7Fe3 alloy heterojunction (Co7Fe3/Co) embeds in a 3D honeycomb‐like graphitic carbon is purposely constructed as a bifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting. As‐marked Co7Fe3/Co‐600 displays the excellent catalytic activities in alkaline media with low overpotentials of 200 mV for OER and 68 mV for HER at 10 mA cm−2. Theoretical calculations reveal the electronic redistribution after coupling Co with Co7Fe3, which likely forms the electron‐rich state over interfaces and the electron‐delocalized state at Co7Fe3 alloy. This process changes the d‐band center position of Co7Fe3/Co and optimizes the affinity of catalyst surface to intermediates, thus promoting the intrinsic OER/HER activities. For overall water splitting, the electrolyzer only requires a cell voltage of 1.50 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 and dramatically retains 99.1% of original activity after 100 h of continuous operation. This work proposes an insight into modulation of electronic state in alloy/metal heterojunctions and explores a new path to construct more competitive electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.
Co7Fe3/Co heterojunction embeds in 3D honeycomb‐like graphitic carbon is constructed as a bifunctional catalyst. What is distinctive in the structure is that metallic Co is devoted entirely to assist the formation of electron‐rich state over interface and delocalize the surface electronic state at Co7Fe3. This process changes d‐band center position of Co7Fe3/Co and optimizes affinity of catalyst surface to intermediates.
Separated boron and nitrogen porous graphitic carbon (BNGC) is fabricated by a facile hydrothermal coordination/ZnCl2‐activation process from renewable and inexpensive nitrogen‐containing chitosan. ...In this synthetic pathway, chitosan, which has a high nitrogen content, first coordinates with Fe3+ ions to form chitosan–Fe that subsequently reacts with boric acid (boron source) to generate the BNGC precursor. After simultaneous carbonization and ZnCl2 activation followed by removal of the Fe catalyst, BNGC, containing isolated boron and nitrogen centers and having a high surface area of 1567 m2 g−1 and good conductivity, can be obtained. Results indicate that use of chitosan as a nitrogen‐containing carbon source effectively prevents nitrogen atoms from direct combination with boron atoms. In addition, the incorporation of Fe3+ ions not only endows BNGC with high graphitization, but also favors for nitrogen fixation. Remarkably, the unique microstructure of BNGC enables its use as an advanced electrode material for energy storage. As electrode material for supercapacitors, BNGC shows a high capacitance of 313 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and also long‐term durability and coulombic efficiency of >99.5 % after 5000 cycles. Notably, in organic electrolytes, the energy density could be up to 50.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 10.5 kW kg−1. The strategy developed herein opens a new avenue to prepare BNGC without inactive BN bonds from commercially available chitosan for high‐performance supercapacitors.
Bugs Ncorporated: Porous graphitic carbon having isolated boron and nitrogen centers is fabricated by a robust combination of a hydrothermal coordination and a ZnCl2‐activation process from nitrogen‐containing chitosan. The resultant materials exhibit superior capacitive properties and long‐term stability, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect of large surface area, good conductivity, and separated/isolated boron and nitrogen sites.
A combined soil bacterial and fungal community survey was conducted for a copper tailings dam in the Chinese Loess Plateau. We investigated the seasonal differences in the composition and function of ...soil microbial community to examine the key environmental factors influencing soil microorganisms during restorative ecological processes. Significant seasonal differences were found in the community structure of both bacterial and fungal communities. Bacterial community abundance and fungal community (Shannon index) measurements were highest in summer. Soil nitrite nitrogen (NO
2
−
-N) was the dominant factor influencing both bacterial and fungal communities. The bacterial community composition was significantly affected by NO
2
−
-N and ammonium nitrogen (NH
4
+
-N) in spring, and fungal community structure was significantly affected by soil water content in autumn. Moreover, the fungal community exhibited significant functional feature differences among seasons, whereas bacterial community functional groups remained similar. This study aimed to clarify the adaptation response of microbes applying different approaches used in ecological restoration approaches specific to mining areas, and to identify the natural biofertility capacity of the microbial communities that colonize soil ecosystems.
Interactions between plants and microbes can affect ecosystem functions, and many studies have demonstrated that plant properties influence mutualistic microorganisms. Here, high-throughput ...sequencing was used to investigate rhizosphere and phyllosphere fungal communities during different plant development stages. Results demonstrated that phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungal community structures were distinct during all developmental stages while they were mediated separately by plant carbon and soil sulfur. Comparatively, the effect of root properties on phyllosphere fungal diversity was greater than soil properties. Moreover, rhizosphere fungal networks of
Bothriochloa ischaemum
were more complex than phyllosphere fungal networks. This study demonstrated that the effect of plant and soil traits on phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungal communities could potentially be significant, depending on the applicable environmental condition and plant development stage. Although links between phyllosphere and rhizosphere communities have been established, further studies on functional fungal groups during phytoremediation processes are necessary. This study comprehensively analyzed dynamic relationships between phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungal communities during different plant development stages in a polluted environment. These fungal communities were determined to be expedient to the development and utilization of beneficial microbial communities during different development stages, which could more effectively help to stabilize and reclaim contaminated copper tailings soil.
Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) is a soilborne phytopathogen that causes bacterial wilt and substantial yield losses in many plants, such as tomatoes. A resistant tomato cultivar can recruit a beneficial ...microbiome from soil to resist Rs. However, whether this recruitment is inheritable from resistant parent to progeny has not been determined.
In the present study, we investigated the rhizosphere microbiomes of tomatoes with clear kinship and different resistance against Rs. Resistant tomatoes grown with the additions of natural soil or its extract showed lower disease indexes than those grown in the sterile soil, demonstrating the importance of soil microbiome in resisting Rs. The results of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that the resistant cultivars had more robust rhizosphere microbiomes than the susceptible ones. Besides, the resistant progeny HF12 resembled its resistant parent HG64 in the rhizosphere microbiome. The rhizosphere microbiome had functional consistency between HF12 and HG64 as revealed by metagenomics. Based on multi-omics analysis and experimental validation, two rhizobacteria (Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 and Pseudomonas putida KT2440) were enriched in HF12 and HG64 with the ability to offer susceptible tomatoes considerable protection against Rs. Multiple aspects were involved in the protection, including reducing the virulence-related genes of Rs and reshaping the transcriptomes of the susceptible tomatoes.
We found promising bacteria to suppress the tomato bacterial wilt in sustainable agriculture. And our research provides insights into the heritability of Rs-resistant tomato rhizobacteria, echoing the inheritance of tomato genetic material. Video Abstract.
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