In this paper, semantic segmentation based on a convolutional neural network is used to guide the image color restoration process. In order to avoid the problem of content mismatch, higher-order ...features are first extracted from the basic dimensions of the input image, and the convolutional operation is done on the feature map by the excitation function. Then the network parameters are optimized and updated by the backpropagation algorithm to minimize the error between the prediction result and the real result. Finally, in image processing, the dilated convolution technique is introduced to perform noise reduction on the semantic segmented image pixels to optimize the restoration quality. In order to prove the effectiveness of the method in this paper, an experimental analysis of the method is conducted. The experimental results show that the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the model proposed in this paper is higher than 42.986db on average, the structural similarity reaches 0.8%, and the fit is around 0.75. And its color difference can reach at least 11.2% with the increase of iterations. It indicates that the reduction algorithm of semantic segmentation and convolutional neural network greatly improves the accuracy of color reduction results and can obtain printmaking images with higher color quality.
Recent high-throughput techniques have generated a flood of biological data in all aspects. The transformation and visualization of multi-dimensional and numerical gene or protein expression data in ...a single heatmap can provide a concise but comprehensive presentation of molecular dynamics under different conditions. In this work, we developed an easy-to-use tool named HemI (Heat map Illustrator), which can visualize either gene or protein expression data in heatmaps. Additionally, the heatmaps can be recolored, rescaled or rotated in a customized manner. In addition, HemI provides multiple clustering strategies for analyzing the data. Publication-quality figures can be exported directly. We propose that HemI can be a useful toolkit for conveniently visualizing and manipulating heatmaps. The stand-alone packages of HemI were implemented in Java and can be accessed at http://hemi.biocuckoo.org/down.php.
We aimed to systematically identify the possible risk factors responsible for severe cases.
We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of science and Cochrane Library for epidemiological studies of confirmed ...COVID-19, which include information about clinical characteristics and severity of patients' disease. We analyzed the potential associations between clinical characteristics and severe cases.
We identified a total of 41 eligible studies including 21060 patients with COVID-19. Severe cases were potentially associated with advanced age (Standard Mean Difference (SMD) = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.34-2.12), male gender (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.51, 95% CI:1.33-1.71), obesity (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.44-2.46), history of smoking (OR = 1.40, 95% CI:1.06-1.85), hypertension (OR = 2.42, 95% CI: 2.03-2.88), diabetes (OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.98-2.91), coronary heart disease (OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 2.22-3.71), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.63-5.41), cerebrovascular disease (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.54-3.97), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.89-4.38), malignancy (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 2.00-3.40), and chronic liver disease (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06-2.17). Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (OR = 39.59, 95% CI: 19.99-78.41), shock (OR = 21.50, 95% CI: 10.49-44.06) and acute kidney injury (AKI) (OR = 8.84, 95% CI: 4.34-18.00) were most likely to prevent recovery. In summary, patients with severe conditions had a higher rate of comorbidities and complications than patients with non-severe conditions.
Patients who were male, with advanced age, obesity, a history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, malignancy, coronary heart disease, hypertension, chronic liver disease, COPD, or CKD are more likely to develop severe COVID-19 symptoms. ARDS, shock and AKI were thought to be the main hinderances to recovery.
The numerical meta-analysis of 92 proxy records (72 sites) of moisture and/or temperature change confirms earlier findings that the dominant trends of climatic evolution in monsoonal central Asia ...since the Last Glacial roughly parallel changes in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, i.e. the period following the Last Glacial Maximum was characterized by dry and cold conditions until 15
cal. kyr BP, followed by a warm, wet period coincident with the Bølling/Allerød warm period and terminated by a cold, dry reversal during the Younger Dryas period. After an abrupt increase at the start of the Holocene, warm and wet conditions prevailed until ca. 4
cal. kyr BP when moisture levels and temperatures started to decrease.
Ordination of moisture records reveals strong spatial heterogeneity in moisture evolution during the last 10
cal. kyr. The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) areas (northern India, Tibetan Plateau and southwest China) exhibit maximum wet conditions during the early Holocene, while many records from the area of the East Asian Summer Monsoon indicate relatively dry conditions, especially in north-central China where the maximum moisture levels occurred during the mid-Holocene. We assign such phenomena to strengthened Hadley Circulation centered over the Tibetan Plateau during the early Holocene which resulted in subsidence in the East Asian monsoonal regions leading to relatively dry conditions. Our observations of the asynchronous nature of the two Asian monsoon subsystems on millennial time scales have also been observed on annual time-scales as well as implied through the spatial analysis of vertical air motion patterns after strong ascending airflows over the Tibetan Plateau area that were calculated from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the last 30
years. Analogous with the early Holocene, the enhancement of the ISM in a ‘future warming world’ will result in an increase in the asynchronous nature of the monsoon subsystems; this trend is already observed in the meteorological data from the last 15
years.
Various posttranslational modifications (PTMs) participate in nearly all aspects of biological processes by regulating protein functions, and aberrant states of PTMs are frequently implicated in ...human diseases. Therefore, an integral resource of PTM–disease associations (PDAs) would be a great help for both academic research and clinical use. In this work, we reported PTMD, a well-curated database containing PTMs that are associated with human diseases. We manually collected 1950 known PDAs in 749 proteins for 23 types of PTMs and 275 types of diseases from the literature. Database analyses show that phosphorylation has the largest number of disease associations, whereas neurologic diseases have the largest number of PTM associations. We classified all known PDAs into six classes according to the PTM status in diseases and demonstrated that the upregulation and presence of PTM events account for a predominant proportion of disease-associated PTM events. By reconstructing a disease–gene network, we observed that breast cancers have the largest number of associated PTMs and AKT1 has the largest number of PTMs connected to diseases. Finally, the PTMD database was developed with detailed annotations and can be a useful resource for further analyzing the relations between PTMs and human diseases. PTMD is freely accessible at http://ptmd.biocuckoo.org.
A sediment core from a closed basin lake (Lake Kuhai) from the semi-arid northeastern Tibetan Plateau was analysed for its pollen record to infer Lateglacial and post glacial vegetation and climatic ...change. At Lake Kuhai five major vegetation and climate shifts could be identified: (1) a change from cold and dry to relatively warmer and more moist conditions at 14.8 cal ka BP; (2) a shift to conditions of higher effective moisture and a stepwise warmer climate at 13.6 cal ka BP; (3) a further shift with increased moisture but colder conditions at 7.0 cal ka BP; (4) a return to a significantly colder and drier phase at 6.3 cal ka BP; (5) and a change back to relatively moist conditions at 2.2 cal ka BP. To investigate the response of lake ecosystems to climatic changes, statistical comparisons were made between the Lake Kuhai pollen record and a formerly published ostracod and sedimentary record from the same sediment core. Furthermore, the pollen and lacustrine proxies from Lake Kuhai were compared to a previously published pollen and lacustrine record from the nearby Lake Koucha. Statistical comparisons were done using non-metric multidimensional scaling and Procrustes rotation. Differences between lacustrine and pollen responses within one site could be identified, suggesting that lacustrine proxies are partly influenced by in-lake or local catchment processes, whereas the terrestrial (pollen) proxy shows a regional climate signal. Furthermore, we found regional differences in proxy response between Lake Kuhai and Lake Koucha. Both pollen records reacted in similar ways to major environmental changes, with minor differences in the timing and magnitude of these changes. The lacustrine records were very similar in their timing and magnitude of response to environmental changes; however, the nature of change was at times very distinct. To place the current study in the context of Holocene moisture evolution across the Tibetan Plateau, we applied a five-scale moisture index and average link clustering to all available continuous palaeo-climate records from the Tibetan Plateau to possibly find general patterns of moisture evolution on the Plateau. However, no common regional pattern of moisture evolution during the Holocene could be detected. We assign this to complex responses of different proxies to environmental and atmospheric changes in an already very heterogeneous mountain landscape where minor differences in elevation can cause strong variation in microenvironments.
•A continuous Holocene sediment record was recovered from southwestern China.•Grain size and elements represented catchment erosions and regional moisture changes.•Mid-Holocene intensification of ISM ...was modulated by tropical Indian Ocean SST modes.•Synchronous positive phases of IOB and IOD modes triggered the strengthening of ISM.
The evolution of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) has been widely investigated owing to its significant climatic and socioeconomic influences. However, debates remain concerning the temporal variation during the Holocene and its driving mechanisms, particularly the potential contribution of sea-surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). Here, we present a continuous sediment record covering the past 11.1 kyrs from the Beihai Wetland, southwestern China. The grain size, geochemical element composition and total organic carbon content (TOC) were analyzed and interpreted in terms of the sedimentary conditions, catchment erosion and regional climate variations. Higher detrital inputs and possibly high water levels were determined during the early to mid-Holocene period, suggesting strong catchment erosion under an intensified ISM. The maximum monsoon intensity appeared between 7.5 and 5.2 cal. kyr BP, which is broadly consistent with various ISM records. We propose that such mid-Holocene monsoon strengthening was primarily triggered by the TIO SST anomaly modes, i.e., the Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) mode and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode. Based on Holocene SST records from the TIO, a positive SST anomaly (positive IOB mode) and positive zonal SST anomaly gradient (positive IOD mode) may have occurred during the mid-Holocene, which jointly triggered intensification of the ISM. Our findings emphasize the significant contribution of the TIO in modulating the summer monsoon system. The abrupt increases in TOC content and median grain size indicate the formation of the current wetland system at approximately 5.2 cal. kyr BP following the decline in regional moisture as well as the retreat of the ISM. In addition, notable human impacts were determined during the last 800 years, as indicated by intensified catchment erosion in response to human-induced deforestation.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is widely considered to be associated with the risk of diverse cancers; however, the association between DM and the risk of leukemia is still controversial. Thus, a detailed ...meta-analysis of cohort studies was conducted to elucidate this association. Eligible studies were screened through the electronic searches in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from their inception to August 11, 2020. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed through the random-effects model. Eighteen articles involving 10,516 leukemia cases among a total of 4,094,235 diabetic patients were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, twenty-five RRs were synthesized for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and yielded a summary RR of 1.33 (95%CI, 1.21–1.47; p < 0.001). For type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), 7 RRs were combined, however, the pooled RR was insignificant (RR, 1.08; 95%CI, 0.87–1.34; p = 0.48). Interestingly, the summary RR for East Asia (RR, 1.83, 95%CI, 1.63–2.06) was significantly higher than that for Europe (RR, 1.11, 95%CI, 1.06–1.15), Western Asia (RR, 1.40, 95%CI, 1.25–1.54), North America (RR, 1.14, 95%CI, 1.08–1.20), and Australia (RR, 1.47, 95%CI, 1.25–1.71). Moreover, we found that patients with a shorter T2DM duration (1–5 years) had a higher risk of leukemia compared to those with a longer duration (5.1–10 years). Overall, this meta-analysis suggests there is a moderately increased risk of leukemia among T2DM patients, but not in T1DM patients. Further investigation is warranted.
We reported an integrated database of Compendium of Protein Lysine Modifications (CPLM; http://cplm.biocuckoo.org) for protein lysine modifications (PLMs), which occur at active ε-amino groups of ...specific lysine residues in proteins and are critical for orchestrating various biological processes. The CPLM database was updated from our previously developed database of Compendium of Protein Lysine Acetylation (CPLA), which contained 7151 lysine acetylation sites in 3311 proteins. Here, we manually collected experimentally identified substrates and sites for 12 types of PLMs, including acetylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, methylation, butyrylation, crotonylation, glycation, malonylation, phosphoglycerylation, propionylation, succinylation and pupylation. In total, the CPLM database contained 203,972 modification events on 189,919 modified lysines in 45,748 proteins for 122 species. With the dataset, we totally identified 76 types of co-occurrences of various PLMs on the same lysine residues, and the most abundant PLM crosstalk is between acetylation and ubiquitination. Up to 53.5% of acetylation and 33.1% of ubiquitination events co-occur at 10 746 lysine sites. Thus, the various PLM crosstalks suggested that a considerable proportion of lysines were competitively and dynamically regulated in a complicated manner. Taken together, the CPLM database can serve as a useful resource for further research of PLMs.
Climate variability has been impacting the terrestrial ecosystems. However, some important processes relating to the response of vegetation to climate change in alpine regions, such as treeline ...composition and associated plant diversity change, have not been well understood in terms of multi-centennial scales. Here, we present a well-dated high-resolution palynological record from Basomtso, southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), to discuss the vegetation change and the relevant climate forcing. Our results manifest that the treeline position, composition and plant diversity around Basomtso did change greatly during the past millennium. The cold events (ca. 720-650 cal yr BP and ca. 400-50 cal yr BP) were considered crucial to force these changes. Cold temperature limited the growth of trees in the high elevations and thus led to downslope movement of treeline and conspicuous decrease of dominant tree species. Space and resource released from the upper forest triggered shrub and herb taxa expanded to lower elevations and even new species can dispersed to this area and survived, leading to changes in vegetation composition and diversity. Although the climate warming is pronounced since the 20th century, treeline distribution, vegetation composition and species diversity seem have not been recovered from the previous cold period. And the vegetation succession in the mountains of the southeastern TP will probably develop slowly in the coming decades. Our results highlight the need for long-term climate and vegetation monitoring and analysis in order to better understand the regional dynamics of treeline movement and plant diversity change during climate transition period.
•Treeline position, composition and plant diversity around Basomtso changed greatly.•Cold events were considered crucial to force these changes in treeline ecotone.•The resistance of trees to climate change in the southeastern TP has been revealed.•Vegetation succession in this region will probably develop slowly in the coming decades.
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