Summary
Host immunity (innate and adaptive immunity) plays essential roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory upper airway diseases, including allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Recently, ...the discovery of novel innate immune cells, particularly innate lymphoid cells, has renewed our view on the role of innate immunity in inflammatory upper airway diseases. Meanwhile, the identification of new subsets of T helper (Th) cells, including Th22, Th9 and follicular Th cells, and regulatory B cells in the adaptive immunity, has broadened our knowledge on the complex immune networks in inflammatory upper airway diseases. In this review, we focus on these newly identified innate and adaptive lymphocytes with their contributions to the immunological disturbance in allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. We further discuss the perspective for future research and potential clinical utility of regulating these novel lymphocytes for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis.
Abstract
A double-peak X-ray burst from the Galactic magnetar SGR J1935+2154 was discovered to be associated with the two radio pulses of FRB 200428 separated by 28.97 ± 0.02 ms. Precise measurements ...of the timing and spectral properties of the X-ray bursts are helpful for understanding the physical origin of fast radio bursts. In this paper, we have reconstructed some information about the hard X-ray events, which were lost because the High Energy X-ray Telescope (HE) on board the Insight-HXMT mission was saturated by this extremely bright burst, and used the information to improve the temporal and spectral analyses of the X-ray burst. The arrival times of the two X-ray peaks by fitting the new Insight-HXMT/HE lightcurve with multi-Gaussian profiles are 2.77 ± 0.45 ms and 34.30 ± 0.56 ms after the first peak of FRB 200428, respectively, while these two parameters are 2.57 ± 0.52 ms and 32.5 ± 1.4 ms if the fitting profile is a fast-rise and exponential decay function. The spectrum of the two X-ray peaks could be described by a cutoff power law with cutoff energy ∼60 keV and photon index ∼1.4; the latter is softer than the result obtained in Li et al. when the two X-ray peaks appeared.
Abstract
We present a spectral study of the black hole candidate MAXI J1348−630 during its 2019 outburst, based on monitoring observations with Insight-HXMT and Swift. Throughout the outburst, the ...spectra are well fitted with power-law plus disk-blackbody components. In the soft-intermediate and soft states, we observed the canonical relation
L
∝
T
in
4
between disk luminosity
L
and peak color temperature
T
in
, with a constant inner radius
R
in
(traditionally identified with the innermost stable circular orbit). At other stages of the outburst cycle, the behavior is more unusual, inconsistent with the canonical outburst evolution of black hole transients. In particular, during the hard rise, the apparent inner radius is smaller than in the soft state (and increasing), and the peak color temperature is higher (and decreasing). This anomalous behavior is found even when we model the spectra with self-consistent Comptonization models, which take into account the upscattering of photons from the disk component into the power-law component. To explain both anomalous trends at the same time, we suggest that the hardening factor for the inner-disk emission was larger than the canonical value of ≈1.7 at the beginning of the outburst. A more physical trend of radii and temperature evolution requires a hardening factor evolving from ≈3.5 at the beginning of the hard state to ≈1.7 in the hard-intermediate state. This could be evidence that the inner disk was in the process of condensing from the hot, optically thin medium and had not yet reached a sufficiently high optical depth for its emission spectrum to be described by the standard optically thick disk solution.
The independent control of two magnetic electrodes and spin-coherent transport in magnetic tunnel junctions are strictly required for tunneling magnetoresistance, while junctions with only one ...ferromagnetic electrode exhibit tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance dependent on the anisotropic density of states with no room temperature performance so far. Here, we report an alternative approach to obtaining tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in α'-FeRh-based junctions driven by the magnetic phase transition of α'-FeRh and resultantly large variation of the density of states in the vicinity of MgO tunneling barrier, referred to as phase transition tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance. The junctions with only one α'-FeRh magnetic electrode show a magnetoresistance ratio up to 20% at room temperature. Both the polarity and magnitude of the phase transition tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance can be modulated by interfacial engineering at the α'-FeRh/MgO interface. Besides the fundamental significance, our finding might add a different dimension to magnetic random access memory and antiferromagnet spintronics.Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance is promising for next generation memory devices but limited by the low efficiency and functioning temperature. Here the authors achieved 20% tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance at room temperature in magnetic tunnel junctions with one α'-FeRh magnetic electrode.
Trapped ions constitute one of the most promising systems for implementing quantum computing and networking1,2. For large-scale ion-trap-based quantum computers and networks, it is critical to have ...two types of qubit: one for computation and storage, and another for auxiliary operations such as qubit detection3, sympathetic cooling4–7 and entanglement generation through photon links8,9. Although the two qubit types can be implemented using two different ion species3,10–13, this approach introduces substantial complexity into creating and controlling each qubit type14,15. Here we resolve these challenges by implementing two coherently convertible qubit types using one ion species. We encode the qubits into two pairs of clock states of the 171Yb+ ions, and achieve microsecond-level conversion rates between the two types with one-way fidelities of 99.5%. We further demonstrate that operations on one qubit type, including sympathetic laser cooling, single-qubit gates and qubit detection, have crosstalk errors less than 0.06% on the other type, which is below the best-known error threshold of ~1% for fault-tolerant quantum computing using the surface code1,16. Our work establishes the feasibility and advantages of using coherently convertible dual-type qubits with the same ion species for large-scale quantum computing and networking.Quantum computing with trapped ions requires qubits that can store and manipulate quantum information, and others that can be used for destructive incoherent operations. Different states of ytterbium-171 ions can be used to realize both qubit types
Abstract
Spin-valley locking in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides has attracted enormous interest, since it offers potential for valleytronic and optoelectronic applications. Such an exotic ...electronic state has sparsely been seen in bulk materials. Here, we report spin-valley locking in a Dirac semimetal BaMnSb
2
. This is revealed by comprehensive studies using first principles calculations, tight-binding and effective model analyses, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, this material also exhibits a stacked quantum Hall effect (QHE). The spin-valley degeneracy extracted from the QHE is close to 2. This result, together with the Landau level spin splitting, further confirms the spin-valley locking picture. In the extreme quantum limit, we also observed a plateau in the
z
-axis resistance, suggestive of a two-dimensional chiral surface state present in the quantum Hall state. These findings establish BaMnSb
2
as a rare platform for exploring coupled spin and valley physics in bulk single crystals and accessing 3D interacting topological states.
Processing by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) affects the morphology of
η precipitates in an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu (Al-7136) alloy. It is shown by transmission electron microscopy that ECAP changes the ...orientation of precipitates and this influences the atomic configuration and the interfacial energy at the
η/
α-Al interfaces. Consequently,
η precipitates adopt an isotropic growth mode and evolve into equiaxed particles. A three-dimensional atom probe analysis demonstrates that large
η precipitates formed in different numbers of ECAP passes are of similar composition. The coalescence of smaller precipitates, rather than the fragmentation of larger precipitates, dominates the precipitate evolution.
Nd-rich phase plays a critical role in wetting grain boundary and facilitating texture formation for hot deformed (HD) Nd-Fe-B magnets. In this study, a non-uniform distribution of Nd-rich phase with ...dimension up to a few micrometers was observed in nanocrystalline HD magnets. The aggregation of the Nd-rich phase is confirmed to result from the low density precursor prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The large local demagnetizing fields induced by Nd-rich phase aggregation led to the open recoil loops and reduced coercivity. Upon reducing recoil loop openness by eliminating Nd-rich phase aggregation, the coercivity of the HD magnet was significantly improved from 226 kA/m to 995 kA/m, and a high maximum energy product of 293 kJ/m3 was obtained. The dependences of microstructure and coercivity on the recoil loop characteristics suggest an essential approach for improving the magnetic properties of nanocrystalline HD Nd-Fe-B magnets.
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