Cardiac function is determined by the dynamic equilibrium of various cell types and the extracellular matrix that composes the heart. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially atherosclerosis and ...myocardial infarction, are often accompanied by cell death and acute/chronic inflammatory reactions. Caspase‐dependent pyroptosis is characterized by the activation of pathways leading to the activation of NOD‐like receptors, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream effector inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐18. Many studies in the past decade have investigated the role of pyroptosis in CVDs. The findings of these studies have led to the development of therapeutic approaches based on the regulation of pyroptosis, and some of these approaches are in clinical trials. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms, regulation and cellular effects of pyroptosis briefly and then discusses the current pyroptosis studies in CVD research.
As a rapidly growing family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides, MXenes are recognized as promising materials for the development of future electronics and optoelectronics. So far, the ...reported patterning methods for MXene films lack efficiency, resolution, and compatibility, resulting in limited device integration and performance. Here, a high‐performance MXene image sensor array fabricated by a wafer‐scale combination patterning method of an MXene film is reported. This method combines MXene centrifugation, spin‐coating, photolithography, and dry‐etching and is highly compatible with mainstream semiconductor processing, with a resolution up to 2 µm, which is at least 100 times higher than other large‐area patterning methods reported previously. As a result, a high‐density integrated array of 1024‐pixel Ti3C2Tx/Si photodetectors with a detectivity of 7.73 × 1014 Jones and a light–dark current ratio (Ilight/Idark) of 6.22 × 106, which is the ultrahigh value among all reported MXene‐based photodetectors, is fabricated. This patterning technique paves a way for large‐scale high‐performance MXetronics compatible with mainstream semiconductor processes.
MXenes are promising for future electronics and optoelectronics; however, previously reported patterning methods lack efficiency, resolution, and compatibility with mainstream semiconductor processing. Here, a wafer‐scale combination patterning method with a resolution up to the micrometer scale is developed, resulting in an integrated array of 1024‐pixel Ti3C2Tx/Si photodetectors with a record‐high detectivity of 7.73 × 1014 Jones.
Optical interconnects exhibit superior potential in the precise regulation of photon transmission for organic photonic circuits. However, the rational design of well‐defined organic heterostructures ...toward active optoelectronics remains challenging. Herein, we designed organic branched heterostructures (OBHs) with accurate spatial organization for optical interconnection. Notably, the precise regulation of OBHs has been controllably achieved including the trunk morphologies and the branched microwire number. Significantly, these as‐prepared OBHs inherently exhibit the multichannel coupling outputs and the excitation position‐dependent waveguide characteristics, leading to various outcoupling signals with tunable intensity and emission colors. The optical interconnects are realized due to the occurrence of exciton conversion and photon propagation between branch and trunk at the heterojunction, benefiting the application possibilities of two‐dimensional (2D) optical barcodes.
The precise synthesis of well‐defined organic heterostructures toward active optoelectronic functions remains challenging. Optical interconnections based on organic branched heterostructures (OBHs) have been synthesized through a sequential self‐assembly process. The accurate spatial organization has been applied to the generation of 2D barcodes.
An unprecedented asymmetric allenylic alkylation of readily available imine esters, which was enabled by a synergistic Cu/Pd catalysis, has been developed. This dual catalytic system possesses good ...substrate compatibility, delivering a diverse array of nonproteinogenic α‐allenylic α‐mono‐ or α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acids (α‐AAs) with high yields and generally excellent enantioselectivities. Furthermore, the scalability and practicability of the current synthetic protocol were proven by performing gram‐scale reactions and by the first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of naturally occurring (S)‐γ‐allenic α‐amino acid, respectively.
Synergy for asymmetry: An unprecedented asymmetric allenylic alkylation of readily available imine esters enabled by a synergistic Cu/Pd catalysis has been developed. This dual catalytic system possesses good substrate compatibility, delivering a diverse array of nonproteinogenic α‐allenylic α‐mono‐ or α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acids with high yields and generally excellent enantioselectivities. Gram‐scale reactions were performed, and the synthetic protocol allowed for the first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of naturally occurring (S)‐γ‐allenic α‐amino acids.
Host immunity plays an important role against oral microorganisms in periodontitis.
This study assessed the infiltrating immune cell subtypes in 133 healthy periodontal and 210 chronic periodontitis ...tissues from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets using the CIBERSORT gene signature files.
Plasma cells, naive B cells and neutrophils were all elevated in periodontitis tissues, when compared to those in healthy controls. In contrast, memory B cells, resting dendritic, mast cells and CD4 memory cells, as well as activated mast cells, M1 and M2 macrophages, and follicular helper T cells, were mainly present in healthy periodontal tissues. Furthermore, these periodontitis tissues generally contained a higher proportion of activated CD4 memory T cells, while the other subtypes of T cells, including resting CD4 memory T cells, CD8 T cells, follicular helper T cells (T
) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), were relatively lower in periodontitis tissues, when compared to healthy tissues. The ratio of dendritic and mast cells and macrophages was lower in periodontitis tissues, when compared to healthy tissues. In addition, there was a significant negative association of plasma cells with most of the other immune cells, such as plasma cells vs. memory B cells (γ = - 0.84), plasma cells vs. resting dendritic cells (γ = - 0.64), plasma cells vs. resting CD4 memory T cells (γ = 0.50), plasma cells versus activated dendritic cells (γ = - 0.46), plasma cells versus T
(γ = - 0.46), plasma cells versus macrophage M2 cells (γ = - 0.43), or plasma cells versus macrophage M1 cells (γ = - 0.40), between healthy control and periodontitis tissues.
Plasma cells, naive B cells and neutrophils were all elevated in periodontitis tissues. The infiltration of different immune cell subtypes in the periodontitis site could lead the host immunity against periodontitis.
An unprecedented copper(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar 3+4 cycloaddition of azomethine imines with in situ formed azoalkenes has been realized. This strategy provides a facile access to ...biologically important 1,2,4,5‐tetrazepine derivatives in high yield with exclusive regioselectivity and high stereoselectivity. Moreover, enantioenriched azomethine imines could be obtained via an efficient kinetic resolution using the same approach.
An atom‐ and step‐economical and redox‐neutral cascade reaction enabled by asymmetric bimetallic relay catalysis by merging a ruthenium‐catalyzed asymmetric borrowing‐hydrogen reaction with ...copper‐catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition has been realized. A variety of highly functionalized 2‐amino‐5‐hydroxyvaleric acid esters or peptides bearing 1,4‐non‐adjacent stereogenic centers have been prepared in high yields with excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity. Judicious selection and rational modification of the Ru catalysts with careful tuning of the reaction conditions played a pivotal role in stereoselectivity control as well as attenuating undesired α‐epimerization, thus enabling a full complement of all four stereoisomers that were otherwise inaccessible in previous work. Concise asymmetric stereodivergent synthesis of the key intermediates for biologically important chiral molecules further showcases the synthetic utility of this methodology.
An atom‐ and step‐economical and redox‐neutral cascade reaction enabled by dual‐metal relay catalysis by merging borrowing‐hydrogen and Michael addition reactions provided access to all stereoisomers of 2‐amino‐5‐hydroxyvaleric acid derivatives with 1,4‐non‐adjacent stereocenters. Concise stereodivergent synthesis of key intermediates for the synthesis of biologically important chiral molecules further showcases the synthetic utility of the approach.
Pyroptosis participates in the formation and development of atherosclerosis (As) by promoting inflammatory factor release and is closely related to the stability of atherosclerotic plaque. MicroRNAs ...can regulate the expression of target genes at the posttranscriptional level. Previous studies have shown that miR‐125a‐5p increases in hyperlipidemic–hyperglycemic conditions and is involved in apoptosis, but its specific role in pyroptosis and As remains unclear. We propose that miR‐125a‐5p may be implicated in oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL)‐induced vascular endothelial cells (VECs) pyroptosis and therefore conducted the current study. We observed that miR‐125a‐5p can inhibit tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) expression at the posttranscription level, resulting in abnormal DNA methylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased reactive oxygen species production, activated nuclear factor‐κB that induces activation of inflammasome and maturation, release of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐18, and pyroptosis. Given the role of VECs in vascular physiology, oxLDL‐induced VEC pyroptosis may promote the development of As. Our current study reveals a novel pathway associated with pyroptosis program regulation, which comprises miR‐125a‐5p and TET2 in VECs. Modulation of their expression levels may serve as a potential target for therapeutic strategies of As.
In this study, we revealed that miR‐125a‐5p mediates oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL)‐induced pyroptosis in the vascular endothelial cell (VECs) by downregulating tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2). TET2 suppression will increasing nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation, activating NLRP3 and caspase‐1, and ultimately causing pyroptosis of VECs. After TET2 downregulation, abnormal DNA methylation will occur, and subsequently, mitochondrial dysfunction will induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which activates NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the activation of caspase‐1. Activated caspase‐1 triggers pore formation of the membrane, DNA fragmentation, and release of mature interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐18 from cells, causing a sterile inflammation response and further contributing to pyroptotic cell death and subsequently promoting atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis, a multifactorial disease of large- and intermediate-sized arteries, is characterized by the accumulation of lipids and the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells, chronic ...inflammatory cells, and fibrous materials. DNA methylation involves inherent and acquired gene transcription changes, which occur independently of the DNA sequence. DNA methylation in the genome plays a major role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. DNA methylation is a distinct and crucial mechanism that regulates genes governing cell proliferation, thereby linking environmental insults with gene regulation. DNA methyltransferases are crucial in maintaining endothelial cell integrity, promoting smooth muscle cell proliferation, and inducing the formation of arteriosclerosis in animal models. These enzymes, which influence DNA methylation in vascular cells, may be utilized to develop new diagnoses and treatments for atherosclerosis-related diseases. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the description and functional interpretation of the DNA methylome of cells and tissues involved in atherosclerosis. We also discuss the regulatory mechanism and the involvement of DNA methylation in the development and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
•In this review, we focus on recent advances in the description and functional interpretation of the DNA methylome of cells and tissues involved in atherosclerosis.•We also discuss the regulatory mechanism and the involvement of DNA methylation in the development and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.•We were summarized DNA methylation and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis.•We were summarized DNA methylation induced by Hcy in atherosclerosis.
Destination image plays a pivotal role in shaping the judgment of tourists. However, limited information is available on how tourists respond to various destination images. By using single‐factor ...between‐subject design, study 1 confirmed that cognitive image causes tourists to judge the destination in near‐psychological distance and that affective image causes them to judge the destination in far psychological distance. By using single‐factor and two‐factor between‐subject design separately, studies 2 and 3 further confirmed that a match between destination image and psychological distance of the tourists has a positive effect on the attractiveness and persuasiveness judgment toward the destination advertisement.
旅游地形象在塑造游客对旅游地的判断和意图中起到关键作用。然而，很少有研究探讨游客在面临不同旅游地形象时所做出的差异化反应。本研究从构念水平理论视角出发，探讨认知型形象和情感型形象如何影响潜在消费者的判断。实验1采用单因素被试间实验设计发现，认知型形象令游客认为旅游地的心理距离比较近，而情感型形象令游客认为旅游地的心理距离比较远。实验2和实验3分别使用单因素和双因素被试间设计发现，旅游地形象和游客的心理距离相匹配对于旅游地广告的说服力和吸引力判断有积极影响。本研究建议旅游地管理者应考虑将广告与游客的心理距离相匹配，以增加旅游地形象的吸引力和说服力。
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