Currently, we understand much about how children’s brains attend to and learn from information presented while they are alone, viewing a screen – but less about how interpersonal social influences ...are substantiated in the brain. Here, we consider research that examines how social behaviors affect not one, but both partners in a dyad. We review studies that measured interpersonal neural entrainment during early social interaction, considering two ways of measuring entrainment: concurrent entrainment (e.g., ‘when A is high, B is high’ – also known as synchrony) and sequential entrainment (‘changes in A forward-predict changes in B’). We discuss possible causes of interpersonal neural entrainment, and consider whether it is merely an epiphenomenon, or whether it plays an independent, mechanistic role in early attention and learning.
Social factors exert transient influences on the brains of both partners during an interaction.Interpersonal neural entrainment during early learning interactions has been documented at multiple temporal scales, replicating findings with adults and animals.Neural entrainment can be a consequence of behavioral coordination, but it can also arise in the absence of behavioral coordination: shared understanding involves temporally co-occurring patterns of brain activity.Neural entrainment may influence learning in multiple ways; for example, by allowing the sender to ensure information delivered arrives at an optimal time for encoding by the receiver.
Temporal coordination during infant-caregiver social interaction is thought to be crucial for supporting early language acquisition and cognitive development. Despite a growing prevalence of theories ...suggesting that increased inter-brain synchrony associates with many key aspects of social interactions such as mutual gaze, little is known about how this arises during development. Here, we investigated the role of mutual gaze onsets as a potential driver of inter-brain synchrony. We extracted dual EEG activity around naturally occurring gaze onsets during infant-caregiver social interactions in N = 55 dyads (mean age 12 months). We differentiated between two types of gaze onset, depending on each partners' role. 'Sender' gaze onsets were defined at a time when either the adult or the infant made a gaze shift towards their partner at a time when their partner was either already looking at them (mutual) or not looking at them (non-mutual). 'Receiver' gaze onsets were defined at a time when their partner made a gaze shift towards them at a time when either the adult or the infant was already looking at their partner (mutual) or not (non-mutual). Contrary to our hypothesis we found that, during a naturalistic interaction, both mutual and non-mutual gaze onsets were associated with changes in the sender, but not the receiver's brain activity and were not associated with increases in inter-brain synchrony above baseline. Further, we found that mutual, compared to non-mutual gaze onsets were not associated with increased inter brain synchrony. Overall, our results suggest that the effects of mutual gaze are strongest at the intra-brain level, in the 'sender' but not the 'receiver' of the mutual gaze.
Current approaches to analysing EEG hyperscanning data in the developmental literature typically consider interpersonal entrainment between interacting physiological systems as a time-invariant ...property. This approach obscures crucial information about how entrainment between interacting systems is established and maintained over time. Here, we describe methods, and present computational algorithms, that will allow researchers to address this gap in the literature. We focus on how two different approaches to measuring entrainment, namely concurrent (e.g., power correlations, phase locking) and sequential (e.g., Granger causality) measures, can be applied to three aspects of the brain signal: amplitude, power, and phase. We guide the reader through worked examples using simulated data on how to leverage these methods to measure changes in interbrain entrainment. For each, we aim to provide a detailed explanation of the interpretation and application of these analyses when studying neural entrainment during early social interactions.
Automated systems for identifying and removing non-neural ICA components are growing in popularity among EEG researchers of adult populations. Infant EEG data differs in many ways from adult EEG ...data, but there exists almost no specific system for automated classification of source components from paediatric populations. Here, we adapt one of the most popular systems for adult ICA component classification for use with infant EEG data. Our adapted classifier significantly outperformed the original adult classifier on samples of naturalistic free play EEG data recorded from 10 to 12-month-old infants, achieving agreement rates with the manual classification of over 75% across two validation studies (n = 44, n = 25). Additionally, we examined both classifiers’ ability to remove stereotyped ocular artifact from a basic visual processing ERP dataset compared to manual ICA data cleaning. Here, the new classifier performed on level with expert manual cleaning and was again significantly better than the adult classifier at removing artifact whilst retaining a greater amount of genuine neural signal operationalised through comparing ERP activations in time and space. Our new system (iMARA) offers developmental EEG researchers a flexible tool for automatic identification and removal of artifactual ICA components.
•Currently, few tools are available for ICA based data correction that are designed around infant EEG.•ICA correction is necessary for naturalistic paradigms when movement artifacts covary with cognitive processes.•We present a system for automated ICA classification designed around infant EEG data.•This system offers increased performance compared to systems of automatic ICA classification designed around adult EEG.
The reliable identification of protein interaction partners and how such interactions change in response to physiological or pathological perturbations is a key goal in most areas of cell biology. ...Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based mass spectrometry has been shown to provide a powerful strategy for characterizing protein complexes and identifying specific interactions. Here, we show how SILAC can be combined with computational methods drawn from the business intelligence field for multidimensional data analysis to improve the discrimination between specific and nonspecific protein associations and to analyze dynamic protein complexes. A strategy is shown for developing a protein frequency library (PFL) that improves on previous use of static “bead proteomes.” The PFL annotates the frequency of detection in co-immunoprecipitation and pulldown experiments for all proteins in the human proteome. It can provide a flexible and objective filter for discriminating between contaminants and specifically bound proteins and can be used to normalize data values and facilitate comparisons between data obtained in separate experiments. The PFL is a dynamic tool that can be filtered for specific experimental parameters to generate a customized library. It will be continuously updated as data from each new experiment are added to the library, thereby progressively enhancing its utility. The application of the PFL to pulldown experiments is especially helpful in identifying either lower abundance or less tightly bound specific components of protein complexes that are otherwise lost among the large, nonspecific background.
Stereo vision in LHD automation Whitehorn, M.; Vincent, T.; Debrunner, C.H. ...
IEEE transactions on industry applications,
2003-Jan.-Feb., 2003-01-00, 20030101, Volume:
39, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This paper details work in applying stereo vision for the enhancement of safety and productivity in the operation of a load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicle in underground mining. The primary goal of this ...portion of the research is to provide three-dimensional (3-D) models of the LHD's environment. Availability of these models facilitates performance of automated or teleoperated loading tasks and enhances safety through identification and location of humans in the path of the vehicle. Generation of an accurate 3-D model of the immediate surroundings of the LHD is accomplished through processing of stereo visual imagery. Stereo video is acquired using a pair of digital cameras mounted above the cab of the LHD. The video data are processed into a dense depth map plus confidence information. These depths and the stereo rig calibration data are then used to construct a 3-D surface model. We demonstrate useful models obtained under both well-illuminated and low-light conditions.
From this incident, Young-Sabourin concluded that the violence that had been happening in Bouley's unit would continue unless she evicted her.3 Bouley sued Young-Sabourin, claiming that her eviction ...was based on her status as a female victim of domestic violence and therefore constituted sex discrimination in violation of the Fair Housing Act.4 The Vermont District Court, issuing a decision on cross-motions for summary judgment, found that Bouley had made a prima facie case of sex discrimination.5 The court held that Bouley's claim that the termination was initiated because she was a victim of domestic violence . . . , if proven, could constitute unlawful discrimination under the Fair Housing Act. In 1988, in response to high levels of crime in public and low-income housing, Congress amended the National Housing Act, which governs public housing.8 This amendment allowed public housing authorities and landlords in federally assisted housing projects to evict tenants for the criminal activity of others on their lease, guests, and persons under their control.9 Eight years later, determined to fully root out crime from these areas, President Clinton urged Congress to strengthen this eviction power, announcing his support of a "one strike and you're out" policy10 and creating incentives for public housing authorities (PHAs) and landlords to actively use their power to evict tenants based on the criminal activities of others on their lease, guests, and persons under their control.
What Henslow taught Darwin Parker, John; Kohn, David; Murrell, Gina ...
Nature,
08/2005, Volume:
436, Issue:
7051
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The kindly Professor John S. Henslow of Cambridge, well known for arranging Charles Darwin's berth on HMS Beagle, was also a rigorous researcher who recorded patterns of variation within and between ...plant populations and was motivated to understand the nature of species: the big question of natural history as he saw it. The focus of Henslow's research is evident in his herbarium at Cambridge, which holds 3,654 sheets of British plants that he began assembling in 1821. Here, Kohn et al detail how Henslow's herbarium helped to lay the foundations of evolutionary thinking.
Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease with isolated eosinophils in the esophagus predominantly triggered by foods. The optimal testing to identify inciting foods ...remains unclear. Objectives We sought to determine the effectiveness of allergy testing–directed diets in patients with EoE. Methods A retrospective analysis of all children with EoE seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 2000 and 2011 identified 941 patients with EoE. Skin prick tests (SPTs) and atopy patch tests (APTs) were conducted, and predictive values were calculated. IgE-mediated food reactions were also identified. A food was considered to cause EoE if its elimination led to resolution of esophageal eosinophilia or reintroduction led to reoccurrence of EoE. The effectiveness of the various elimination diets was compared with targeted food antigen elimination. Results Definitive foods causing EoE were identified, with milk, egg, wheat, and soy as the most common foods in 319 patients. IgE-mediated reactions (urticaria and anaphylaxis) were seen in 15%. The negative predictive value for the combination of SPTs and APTs averaged 92%, with the exception of milk at 44%, and the positive predictive value averaged 44%. An empiric 6-food elimination diet or removal of positive foods on allergy testing (SPTs/APTs) both had a histologic success rate of 53%. Removal of foods identified on SPTs/APTs plus empiric elimination of milk leads to resolution in 77% of patients. Conclusion An elimination diet based on SPT/APT results leads to resolution of esophageal eosinophilia in a similar proportion of patients as empiric removal of foods but required that fewer foods be removed. These observations suggest that both methods are acceptable options.
Food protein-induced enterocolitis (FPIES) is a rare non-IgE mediated disease. Most studies have been limited in nature, with the largest cohort being 66 patients. The most common foods that have ...been reported are milk and soy.
A retrospective chart review of patients seen in the Allergy Section at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision code of 558.3 (Allergic Gastroenteritis and Colitis) between 2007 and 2012 was conducted to identify patients with suspected FPIES. Diagnosis of FPIES was confirmed based on meeting clinical criteria of delayed reaction with pronounced vomiting and/or diarrhea. Data regarding patient characteristics and features of their reactions were collected for analysis and comparison with existing studies.
A total of 462 cases were identified in our chart review. Patients had a similar demographic profile to the normal allergy patients seen in our clinic. The most common foods identified were milk (67%), soy (41%), rice (19%), oat (16%), and egg (11%). Patients had onset of FPIES to milk and soy around 7 months of age compared with 12 months of age for solid foods. FPIES reactions were identified to meats, tree nuts, peanuts, fruits, and vegetables; 70% of the patients reacted to one or two foods. Skin prick testing and atopy patch testing were not helpful in identifying the foods.
FPIES reactions were seen more frequently than previously described. However, the presentation and clinical features were similar to previous reports. Milk- and soy-triggered FPIES were common, and 43.5% of patients who had a milk trigger reacted to soy. There is no laboratory test to identify foods that cause FPIES, and clinician-supervised oral food challenge is the only definitive test available.
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