The aim of this study was to analyze the trends and epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province in 2004-2018, intending to provide a basis for targeted prevention and ...control of this disease.
We collated the epidemiological data for cases of scarlet fever from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) in Zhejiang province between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2018. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever, whereas the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was used to determine the hotspot incidence of scarlet fever.
In 2004-2018, a total of 22,194 cases of scarlet fever were reported in Zhejiang Province, with no death reports. The annual average of scarlet fever incidence was 2.82/100,000 (range,1.12 to 6.34/100,000). The male incidence was higher than that among female (χ
= 999.834,
< 0.05), and a majority of the cases (86.42%) occurred in children aged 3-9 years. Each year, the incidence of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province appeared two seasonal peaks: the first peak occurred from March to June (the constituent ratio was 49.06%), the second peak was lower than the first one during November and the following January (the constituent ratio was 28.67%). The two peaks were almost in accordance with the school spring semester and autumn-winter semester, respectively. The incidence in the northern regions of the province was generally higher than that in the southern regions. High-value clusters were detected in the central and northern regions, while low-value clusters occurred in the southern regions via the Getis-Ord Gi* statistical analysis.
The prevalence of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province showed a marked seasonality variation and mainly clustered in the central and northern regions in 2004-2018. Children under 15 years of age were most susceptible to scarlet fever. Kindergartens and primary schools should be the focus of prevention and control, and targeted strategies and measures should be taken to reduce the incidence.
Zhejiang Province is one of the six provinces in China that has the highest incidence of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Data on HFRS cases in Zhejiang Province from January 2007 to ...July 2017 were obtained from the China Information Network System of Disease Prevention and Control. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to observe the trend of the incidence rate of HFRS. The monthly incidence rate was predicted by autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) models. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to detect geographic clusters. A multivariate time series model was employed to analyze heterogeneous transmission of HFRS. There were a total of 4,836 HFRS cases, with 15 fatal cases reported in Zhejiang Province, China in the last decade. Results show that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the modelling performance and the forecasting performance of the ARIMA model were 27.53% and 16.29%, respectively. Male farmers and middle-aged patients account for the majority of the patient population. There were 54 high-high clusters and 1 high-low cluster identified at the county level. The random effect variance of the autoregressive component is 0.33; the spatio-temporal component is 1.30; and the endemic component is 2.45. According to the results, there was obvious spatial heterogeneity in the endemic component and spatio-temporal component but little spatial heterogeneity in the autoregressive component. A significant decreasing trend in the incidence rate was identified, and obvious clusters were discovered. Spatial heterogeneity in the factors driving HFRS transmission was discovered, which suggested that a targeted preventive effort should be considered in different districts based on their own main factors that contribute to the epidemics.
To explore epidemiological characteristics of imported acute infectious diseases between 2011 and 2016 in Zhejiang province, China. Data of imported infectious diseases from 2011 to 2016 was ...collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in Zhejiang province, and subsequently analyzed for epidemiological characteristics. A survey was conducted to investigate clinicians' abilities to diagnose these diseases in Zhejiang province. From 2011 to 2016, 1,241 cases of imported acute infectious disease were reported in Zhejiang province, including 1,078 malaria cases, 156 dengue cases, three chikungunya fever cases and four Zika cases. Between 2011 and 2016, incidences of these diseases increased (
< 0.001). For malaria, male adults for labor export were the most affected group. Seasonal fluctuation was not obvious.
was the main malaria type (822 cases) and most cases were acquired from African Region (791/822, 96.1%).
cases (194 cases) were mainly from African Region (78/194, 40.2%) and South-East Asia Region (51/194, 26.3%). Meanwhile, for dengue, adults and tourists were the most affected groups. The incidence of dengue was particularly high in August and October. The percent of correct clinician responses in the survey of diagnosis knowledge was 54.6% (standard deviation = 21.0%); this percentage was particularly low in general practitioners and clinicians from township hospitals. The capabilities of clinicians to diagnose these diseases were low and should be improved. Efforts should be made in improving and disseminating proper preventive measures of high-risk populations, surveillance of imported cases, and prevention and control of local epidemics.
This study aims to learn the characteristics of morbidity and mortality of notifiable diseases reported in children aged 0⁻14 years in Zhejiang Province in 2008⁻2017. We collated data from the China ...Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in Zhejiang province between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2017 of children aged 0⁻14 years. From 2008 to 2017, a total of 32 types and 1,994,740 cases of notifiable diseases were reported in children aged 0⁻14 years, including 266 deaths in Zhejiang Province. The annual average morbidity was 2502.87/100,000, and the annual average mortality was 0.33/100,000. Male morbidity was 2886.98/100,000, and female morbidity was 2072.16/100,000, with the male morbidity rate higher than the female morbidity rate (χ² = 54,033.12,
< 0.01). No Class A infectious diseases were reported. The morbidity of Class B infectious diseases showed a downward trend, but that of Class C infectious diseases showed an upward trend. There were 72,041 cases in 22 kinds of Class B infectious disease and 138 death cases, with a morbidity rate of 90.39/100,000, and a mortality rate of 0.17/100,000. There were 1,922,699 cases in 10 kinds of Class C infectious disease and 128 death cases, with a morbidity rate of 2412.47/100,000, and a mortality rate of 0.16/100,000. The main high-prevalence diseases included hand-foot-and-mouth disease (1430.38/100,000), other infectious diarrheal diseases (721.40/100,000), mumps (168.83/100,000), and influenza (47.40/100,000). We should focus on the prevention and control of hand-foot and mouth disease, other infectious diarrheal diseases, mumps and influenza in children aged 0⁻14 years in Zhejiang Province. It is recommended to strengthen epidemic surveillance and undertake early prevention and control measures in order to reduce the younger children incidence rate of infectious diseases. Immunization planning vaccines can help achieve a significant preventive decline of infectious diseases.
Anatase-TiO2-supported Pt (Pt/TiO2(A)) is a well-known supported catalyst for catalyzing the oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO). However, rutile TiO2 (TiO2(R)) has not been widely utilized for this ...reaction due to its inferior performance. In this study, we have developed a novel approach involving NaBH4-induced oxygen vacancy manipulation to regulate the valence states of Pt on TiO2(R). By employing a large excess of NaBH4 (nNaBH4/nPt = 2000), we were able to generate an extraordinary concentration of oxygen defects and electron-rich sites on the surface of TiO2(R), resulting in the concentration of Pt0 on Pt/TiO2(R)− 2000 exceeding that on Pt/TiO2(A)− 2000. The newly synthesized Pt/TiO2(R)− 2000 catalyst exhibited a remarkably high turnover frequency (TOF) of 160.2 h−1, which is approximately five times that of Pt/TiO2(R)− 20. The discrepancy in the reaction mechanisms between rutile and anatase was identified as the critical factor underlying the vastly different performances observed.
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•Greatly excessive NaBH4 induces the extraordinarily high amount of oxygen defect on the surface of TiO2(R).•Electron-rich TiO2(R) conducive to the distinct electronic interaction between TiO2 and Pt.•The turnover frequency of optimized Pt/TiO2(R) is as high as 160.2 h−1.•Both active oxygen atoms and hydroxyl groups can kick off the reaction from diarylmethyl to HCOO- on Pt/TiO2(R).
In this paper, we proposed a novel numerical algorithm for cascaded Raman fiber laser (CRFL) using the approximate analytic results as the initial values for shooting method, which effectively ...reduces the calculating time from several hours to a few minutes. With the algorithm, we obtained a numerical solution of the bilateral-pumping Ge-doped fifth-order CRFL which can avoid the so-called “end face damage” phenomenon efficiently. At the same time, we also simulated the unilateral-pumping one as a comparison, which showed both the characteristics of them are similar with each other.
The white light‐emitting diode (LED) modules, in which the GaN‐based blue‐LED chip with 4 × 4 arrayed pixels are packaged with chip‐on‐board technique and welded on a print circuit board, are ...fabricated for both illumination and visible light communication (VLC). The effects of the mesa size on the characteristic features are explored. It shows that the pixels with small size can sustain high saturated current density. Under the saturated current density, the highest luminous flux of 278.4 lm can be obtained by using the largest pixel of 160 µm‐diameter, or the highest 3‐dB modulation bandwidth of 127.3 MHz can be obtained by using the smallest pixels of 60 µm‐diameter. In case the white‐LED module works for a long time, the injected current density should be far away from the saturated current density. On condition that the 3‐dB modulation bandwidth of 100 MHz is required, the white‐LED module with 100 µm‐diameter pixels is proposed and the luminous flux can reach 164.8 lm. Subsequently, the electrode size is optimized to get higher luminous flux. By enlarging the p‐electrode, the white‐LED module with 120 µm‐diameter pixels can achieve the luminous flux of 235.2 lm while the 3‐dB modulation bandwidth holds 100 MHz.
The GaN‐based blue‐light‐emitting diodes (LED) chips with 4 × 4 arrayed pixels are fabricated and packaged by chip‐on‐board technique and welded on printed circuit board as white‐LED modules. The size of the mesa and the electrodes are carefully selected to get a compromise between the luminous flux and the modulation bandwidth for the dual function of illumination and communication.
The reliability of nuclear power plant electrical systems is an important guarantee of nuclear safety, and the common fault failure problem arising from redundant design and intelligent control may ...greatly affect reliability assessment results. Combined with the features of repairability, multi-state characteristics, and common fault failure of nuclear power plant electrical systems, a reliability analysis method of nuclear power plant electrical systems based on the GO-FLOW method considering common fault failure is proposed. This study firstly constructs the algorithmic model of combining operators of repairable components and the equivalent model of reliability parameters of multi-mode repairable components, then establishes a probability calculation model of common fault failure for repairable systems by considering the quantitative computation of the common signaling system model, and finally, quantitatively calculates the reliability of nuclear power plant electrical systems and their influencing factors. The example simulation calculates the reliability of the external power supply system and the electrical system of the nuclear power plant, analyzes the influence of the common signal processing and the common fault failure factors on the reliability of the electrical system of the nuclear power plant, and verifies the validity of the proposed method. The results show that the common fault failure factors have a large impact on the system reliability analysis; the common fault failure of the standby diesel generator set will seriously reduce the reliability of the electrical system, which can be improved by installing additional standby diesel generators.
Multilayer oil-bearing reservoirs are generally of strong heterogeneity, which hinder the commonly used numerical simulation methods. The existence of interlayer heterogeneity makes the model more ...complex and poses a higher challenge to the computational accuracy. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, this article proposes a new calculation model of inter-well connectivity based on production data inversion technology. The model reflects the interlayer relationship by introducing flow splitting coefficients. The objective vector is established with the parameters of inter-well conductivity, dimensionless control volume and flow splitting coefficient. Adam algorithm is used to fit the production data which made the model result closer to the formation result. The mechanism model and real model are applied respectively to verify results in the research process. The model error is 4.9% and 5.6%, respectively, compared with the results of commercial reservoir numerical simulation software. The model provides a new solution to the problem of heterogeneity in multilayer reservoir and assists oilfield with better formulation of production strategy.
The retro Michael-type addition and thiol exchange of thioether succinimide click linkages in response to thiol-containing environments offers a novel strategy for the design of glutathione-sensitive ...degradable hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. Here we characterize the kinetics and extent of the retro Michael-type addition and thiol exchange with changes in both the pK a of the thiols and the identity of N-substituents of maleimides. A series of N-substituted thioether succinimides were prepared through typical Michael-type addition. Model studies (1H NMR, HPLC) of 4-mercaptophenylacetic acid (MPA, pK a 6.6) conjugated to N-ethyl maleimide (NEM), N-phenyl maleimide (NPM), or N-aminoethyl maleimide (NAEM) and then incubated with glutathione showed half-lives of conversion from 3.1 to 18 h, with extents of conversion from approximately 12% to 90%. The variations in the rates of exchange and hydrolytic ring opening appear to be mediated by resonance effects, electron-withdrawing capacity of the N-substituted moiety, as well as the potential for intramolecular catalytic hydrogen bonding of amine substituents with water (particularly in the case of ring opening). Further model studies of 4-mercaptohydrocinnamic acid (MPP, pK a 7.0) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC, pK a 9.5) conjugated to selected N-substituted maleimides and then incubated with glutathione showed half-lives of conversion from 3.6 to 258 h, with extents of conversion from approximately 1% to 90%. A higher pK a of the thiol decreased the rate of the exchange reaction and limited the impact of other electronic effects of N-substituents on the extents of conversion. Additional factors affecting the conversion kinetics were studied on NEM conjugates. The kinetics of the retro Michael-type addition and exchange reaction were not hindered by thiol traps of lower pK a, but were retarded in conditions of lower pH. These studies shed light into details of thiol and maleimide design that could be used to tune the rates of degradation of drug and polymer conjugates for a variety of applications.
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