This study was to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of
from 1,850 retail meat and meat products in China during July 2011 to June 2016. The samples were collected covering most provincial ...capitals in China, including 604 raw meat, 601 quick-frozen meat, and 645 ready-to-eat meat. Using the qualitative and quantitative methods, all 39 cities had
-positive samples, and
was detected in 35.0% (647/1,850) of the samples. The levels of
in retail meat showed that the MPN value of the majority of the positive samples ranged from 0.3 to 100 MPN/g. Twenty-four antibiotics were used to test all 868
isolates for antibiotic susceptibility. Only 11 isolates (1.26%) were susceptible to all antibiotics, whereas most isolates (821/868, 94.6%) showed resistance or intermediary resistance to more than three or more antibiotics. Of these strains, 104 (12.0%) were resistant to more than 10 antibiotics. However, the most frequent resistance was observed to ampicillin (85.4%), followed by penicillin (84.6%), erythromycin (52.7%), tetracycline (49.3%), kanamycin (45.3%), telithromycin (30.1%), clindamycin (29.6%), streptomycin (21.1%), norfloxacin (20.4%), gentamicin (19.4%), fusidic acid (18.4%), ciprofloxacin (16.9%), chloramphenicol (13.1%), amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (11.0%), and others (<10%). 7.4% of isolates (62/868) were confirmed as methicillin-resistance
(MRSA). By molecular typing analysis, there were 164
types and 111 STs were identified, including 15 novel
types and 65 newly STs by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and
typing. Despite the wide genetic diversity observed among the 868 isolates, a great proportion of the population belonged to finite number of major clones: ST1-t127 (93/868, 10.7%) and ST7-t091 (92/868, 10.6%), ST5-t002 (42/868, 4.8%), ST398-t034 (40/868, 4.6%), ST188-t034 (38/868, 4.4%), ST59-t437 (30/868, 3.5%), ST6-t701 (29/868, 3.3%), and ST9-t899 (27/868, 3.1%) in China. This study reflects
was readily detected in Chinese retail meat and meat products but the level were not very excessive. In this study, the high antibiotic resistance is alarming and raising public health concern. In additions, most of molecular types of isolates have been linked to human infections around the world, indicating that these types of
in China have a theoretical pathogenic potential.
is a common and important food-borne pathogen that can be found in various food products. Due to low-temperature sterilization for a short period of time, pasteurization is not sufficient for ...complete elimination of
in milk, thereby cause severe economic loss and food safety problems. It is therefore of paramount importance to perform risk assessment of
in pasteurized milk. In this study, we isolated
from pasteurized milk samples in different regions of China, and evaluated the contamination situation, existence of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance profile and genetic polymorphism of
isolates. Intriguingly, 70 samples (27%) were found to be contaminated by
and the average contamination level was 111 MPN/g. The distribution of virulence genes was assessed toward 10 enterotoxigenic genes (
, and
) and one emetic gene (
). Forty five percent strains harbored enterotoxigenic genes
and 93% isolates contained
gene cluster. The positive rate of
, and
genes were 73, 96, 75, 54, and 5%, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility assessment showed that most of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and rifampicin, but susceptible to other antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Total multidrug-resistant population was about 34%. In addition,
isolates in pasteurized milk showed a high genetic diversity. In conclusion, our findings provide the first reference on the prevalence, contamination level and characteristics of
isolated from pasteurized milk in China, suggesting a potential high risk of
to public health and dairy industry.
Salmonella
remains the leading cause of reported bacterial foodborne disease in China. Meat products are recognized as one of the major sources of human salmonellosis; however, there is a lack of ...comprehensive, quantitative data concerning
Salmonella
contamination of these foods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence, bacterial load, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of various
Salmonella
serovars in retail meat across the whole of China. Between July 2011 and June 2016, a total of 807 retail meat samples were collected, covering most provincial capitals in China. Overall, 159 (19.7%) samples tested positive for
Salmonella
. The highest contamination rate occurred in pork (37.3%,
n
= 287), followed by beef (16.1%,
n
= 161), mutton (10.9%,
n
= 92), dumplings (6.6%,
n
= 212), and smoked pork (3.6%,
n
= 55). Most probable number (MPN) analysis revealed that contamination was mainly in the range of 0.3–10 MPN/g among those samples testing positive using this method (
n
= 83), with eight samples exceeding 110 MPN/g. Among the 456
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
isolates obtained in this study, 29 serovars and 33 multilocus sequence typing patterns were identified, with
S.
Derby,
S.
Typhimurium,
S.
London,
S.
Rissen,
S.
1,4,5,12:i:-,
S.
Weltevreden, and
S.
Enteritidis being the most prevalent. Among the 218 non-duplicate isolates, 181 (83.0%) were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials and 128 (58.7%) were resistant to at least three classes. High rates of resistance were observed for tetracycline (65.6%), ampicillin (45.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (40.8%), streptomycin (40.4%), and nalidixic acid (35.8%), with the seven most prevalent serovars, except
S.
Weltevreden, showing higher rates of resistance and multidrug resistance compared with the less dominant serovars. Of note, all
S.
Indiana isolates exhibited resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (including ceftriaxone and cefepime), ciprofloxacin, and multiple other classes of antibiotics. Further, two
S
.
1
,4,5,12:i:- isolates showed resistance to imipenem. This study provides systematic and comprehensive data on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of various
Salmonella
serovars isolated from meat products in China, indicating their potential risk to public health.
The microbiota of dairy cow milk varies with the season, and this accounts in part for the seasonal variation in mastitis-causing bacteria and milk spoilage. The microbiota of the cowshed may be the ...most important factor because the teats of a dairy cow contact bedding material when the cow is resting. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether the microbiota of the milk and the cowshed vary between seasons, and to elucidate the relationship between the microbiota.
We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate the microbiota of milk, feces, bedding, and airborne dust collected at a dairy farm during summer and winter.
The seasonal differences in the milk yield and milk composition were marginal. The fecal microbiota was stable across the two seasons. Many bacterial taxa of the bedding and airborne dust microbiota exhibited distinctive seasonal variation. In the milk microbiota, the abundances of Staphylococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and Micrococcaceae were affected by the seasons; however, only Micrococcaceae had the same seasonal variation pattern as the bedding and airborne dust microbiota. Nevertheless, canonical analysis of principle coordinates revealed a distinctive group comprising the milk, bedding, and airborne dust microbiota.
Although the milk microbiota is related to the bedding and airborne dust microbiota, the relationship may not account for the seasonal variation in the milk microbiota. Some major bacterial families stably found in the bedding and airborne dust microbiota, e.g., Staphylococcaceae, Moraxellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Bacteroidaceae, may have greater influences than those that varied between seasons.
Excessive fat intake is associated with changes in gut microbiota composition. In the present study, we focused on the secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) coating of gut microbiota as a mucosal immune ...response affecting the gut microbiota following a high-fat diet (HFD). The level of SIgA coating of gut microbiota was evaluated in normal-fat diet (NFD)- and HFD-fed mice. HFD significantly decreased the level of SIgA coating the gut microbiota compared with NFD. Of note, substitution of HFD with NFD resulted in a complete recovery of the level of SIgA coating. These findings suggest that dietary fat influences the SIgA coating of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we analyzed the composition of the gut microbiota and the concentration of cecal short-chain fatty acids. HFD feeding changed the gut microbiota composition at the phylum and family levels. Pearson correlation analysis between the level of SIgA coating of gut microbiota and the relative abundance of gut microbiota showed that the relative abundances of Clostridiaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Turicibacteraceae, and Bifidobacteriaceae were negatively correlated with the level of SIgA coating of gut microbiota. Conversely, the relative abundances of Desulfovibrionaceae, S24-7, and Lactobacillaceae were positively correlated with the level of SIgA coating. The concentrations of cecal acetate and butyrate were lower in HFD-fed mice and positively correlated with the level of SIgA coating of gut microbiota. Our observations suggest that a decrease in the level of SIgA coating of the gut microbiota through a HFD might relate to HFD-induced changes in microbial composition and microbial metabolites production.
is one of the most important food-borne pathogens globally. It produces various toxins and invasive enzymes and can be found in numerous food products. Milk is an important source of staphylococcal ...food poisoning. After pasteurization, this microorganism or its enterotoxins might still remain in pasteurized milk. Therefore, this study was to investigate the contamination of
in 258 pasteurized milk from 39 cities of China. The prevalence and levels of
in these samples as well as antibiotic susceptibility profiles, virulence genes, biofilm formation, and biofilm related genes,
typing and MLST were used to determine the characterization among the isolates. It was found 3.9% of samples were detected
in 8 of 39 cities in China. The contaminated level were not very excessive which showed the MPN values of the most positive samples (9/10) were less than 1 MPN/g. All pasteurized milk-related
isolates have ability to produce biofilm and harbored
,
genes, other biofilm related genes
were showed in 91.7% of isolates and
gene were showed in 50%, except
gene which were free in all isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility test showed that all isolates were resistant or intermediate-resistant to different concentrations of the antibiotics. Furthermore, 75.0% of the isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotic classes, which indicated multidrug resistance. The isolates had virulence potential, which showed 66.7% (8/12) of the isolates carried one or more virulence-associated genes. Molecular typing by MLST and
typing enabled classification of these isolates into a total of 11 sequence types (STs) and
types, which indicated high genetic diversity. Most of these types were related to various clinical
infections. Thus, the findings of this study reflect the potential risk of
infection in China. Our study also provides comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of
in pasteurized milk and helps ensure more accurate treatment of human infection with effective antibiotics.
is a foodborne pathogen with a high mortality rate in humans. This study aimed to identify the pathogenic potential of
isolated from ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and pasteurized milk in China on the ...basis of its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Approximately 7.7% (44/570) samples tested positive for
among 10.8% (39/360) RTE and 2.4% (5/210) pasteurized milk samples, of which 77.3% (34/44) had < 10 MPN/g, 18.2% (8/44) had 10-110 MPN/g, and 4.5% (2/44) had > 110 MPN/g. A total of 48 strains (43 from RTE foods and five from milk samples) of
were isolated from 44 positive samples. PCR-serogroup analysis revealed that the most prevalent serogroup was II.2 (1/2b-3b-7), accounting for 52.1% (25/48) of the total, followed by serogroup I.1 (1/2a-3a) accounting for 33.3% (16/48), serogroup I.2 (1/2c-3c) accounting for 12.5% (6/48), and serogroup II.1 (4b-4d-4e) accounting for 2.1%. All isolates were grouped into 11 sequence types (STs) belonging to 10 clonal complexes (CCs) and one singleton (ST619) via multi-locus sequence typing. The most prevalent ST was ST87 (29.2%), followed by ST8 (22.9%), and ST9 (12.5%). Virulence genes determination showed that all isolates harbored eight virulence genes belonging to
pathogenicity islands 1 (LIPI-1) (
,
,
,
,
,
, and
) and
. Approximately 85.4% isolates carried full-length
, whereas seven isolates had premature stop codons in
, six of which belonged to ST9 and one to ST5. Furthermore, LLS (encoded by
gene, representing LIPI-3) displays bactericidal activity and modifies the host microbiota during infection. LIPI-4 enhances neural and placental tropisms of
. Results showed that six (12.5%) isolates harbored the
gene, and they belonged to ST1/CC1, ST3/CC3, and ST619. Approximately 31.3% (15/48) isolates (belonging to ST87/CC87 and ST619) harbored
(representing LIPI-4), indicating the potential risk of this pathogen. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that > 95% isolates were susceptible to 16 antimicrobials; however, 60.4 and 22.9% isolates were intermediately resistant to streptomycin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The results show that several isolates harbor LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 genes, which may be a possible transmission route for
infections in consumers.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
is a marine and estuarine bacterium that leads to damage of aquatic industry by foodborne outbreaks and possesses an enormous threat to food safety as well as human health ...worldwide. In the current study, we investigated 905 food samples (ready-to-eat foods, fish, and shrimp) from 15 provinces in China, and aimed to determine prevalence, biological characteristics and genetic diversity of presumptive
V. parahaemolyticus
isolates. Firstly, 14.17% of 240 fish samples, 15.34% of 365 shrimp samples and 3.67% of 300 RTE food samples were positive for potential
V. parahaemolyticus
. Secondly, 69 food samples (14.87%) collected in summer were positive for target isolates, while the rate of positive sample of 441 food samples in winter reached 7.26%. Thirdly, we purified 202
V. parahaemolyticus
strains for further research. And antimicrobial susceptibility results of strains tested revealed that the highest resistance rate was observed for ampicillin (79.20%). At the same time, 148 (73.27%) of all isolates were classified and defined as multi-drug resistant foodborne bacteria. The results of PCR assay showed that the isolates being positive for the
tdh
,
trh
or both genes, were up to 9.90%, 19.80% or 3.96%. Besides, multiplex PCR test showed that the isolates carrying O2 serogroup were the most prevalent. Furthermore, sequence types (STs) of 108 isolates were obtained via multi-locus sequence typing. Not only 82 STs were detected, but also 41 of which were updated in the MLST database. Thus, our findings significantly demonstrated the high contamination rates of
V. parahaemolyticus
in fish and shrimp and it may possess potential threat for consumer health. We also provided up-to-date dissemination of antibiotic-resistant
V. parahaemolyticus
which is important to ensure the high efficacy in the treatment of human and aquatic products infections. Lastly, with the identification of 82 STs including 41 novel STs, this study significantly revealed the high genetic diversity among
V. parahaemolyticus
. All of our research improved our understanding on microbiological risk assessment in ready-to-eat foods, fish, and shrimp.
is a globally notorious foodborne pathogen. This study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively detect
from meat and meat products in China and to establish their virulence profiles and population ...diversity. From 1212 meat and meat product samples, 362 (29.9%) were positive for
. Of these positive samples, 90.6% (328/362) had less than 10 MPN/g, 5.5% (20/364) samples had 10-110 MPN/g, and 3.9% (14/362) of the positive samples had over 110 MPN/g. Serogroup analysis showed that the most prevalent serogroup of
was I.1 (1/2a-3a), which accounted for 45.0% (123/458) of the total, followed by serogroup I.2 (1/2c-3c) that comprised 26.9%, serogroup II.1 (4b-4d-4e) that comprised 4.8%, and serogroup II.2 (1/2b-3b-7) that comprised 23.3%. A total of 458 isolates were grouped into 35 sequence types (STs) that belonged to 25 clonal complexes (CCs) and one singleton (ST619) by multi-locus sequence typing. The most prevalent ST was ST9 (26.9%), followed by ST8 (17.9%), ST87 (15.3%), ST155 (9.4%), and ST121 (7.6%). Thirty-seven isolates harbored the
gene (representing LIPI-3), and they belonged to ST1/CC1, ST3/CC3, ST288/CC288, ST323/CC288, ST330/CC288, ST515/CC1, and ST619, among which ST323/CC288, ST330/CC288, and ST515/CC1 were newly reported to carry LIPI-3. Seventy-five isolates carried
, and they belonged to ST87/CC87, ST88/CC88, and ST619, indicating that consumers may be exposed to potential hypervirulent
. Antibiotics susceptibility tests revealed that over 90% of the isolates were susceptible to 11 antibiotics; however, 40.0% of the isolates exhibited resistance against ampicillin and 11.8% against tetracycline; further, 45.0 and 4.6% were intermediate resistant and resistant to ciprofloxacin, respectively. The rise of antibiotic resistance in
suggests that stricter regulations should be formulated to restrict the use of antibiotic agents in human listeriosis treatment and livestock breeding.
This systematic review aimed to compare the influence of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) on the efficacy and safety of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and younger ...individuals. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to September 2022. The summary standard means difference and odds ratios were calculated. Thirteen articles were included in the analysis. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) leading to discontinuation was higher in elderly patients (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.96, p = 0.028). However, no significant differences were observed in weight loss (SMD = 0.03, 95% CI –0.12 to 0.19, p = 0.686), HbA1c% (SMD = –0.02, 95% CI –0.11 to 0.08, p = 0.715), FBG levels (SMD = –0.03, 95% CI –0.11 to 0.06, p = 0.537), and the incidence of overall AEs (OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.01, p = 0.072), serious AEs (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.04, p = 0.077), nausea (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.03, p = 0.140), vomiting (OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.13, p = 0.532), diarrhea (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.02, p = 0.081), and hypoglycemia (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.65, p = 0.193). In conclusion, while certain AEs leading to discontinuation may be more prevalent in older patients, GLP-1RAs are effective for weight loss and lead to decreased glucose concentrations with a low rate of complications in elderly patients.
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