Dysbiosis, departure of the gut microbiome from a healthy state, has been suggested to be a powerful biomarker of disease incidence and progression
. Diagnostic applications have been proposed for ...inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis and prognosis
, colorectal cancer prescreening
and therapeutic choices in melanoma
. Noninvasive sampling could facilitate large-scale public health applications, including early diagnosis and risk assessment in metabolic
and cardiovascular diseases
. To understand the generalizability of microbiota-based diagnostic models of metabolic disease, we characterized the gut microbiota of 7,009 individuals from 14 districts within 1 province in China. Among phenotypes, host location showed the strongest associations with microbiota variations. Microbiota-based metabolic disease models developed in one location failed when used elsewhere, suggesting that such models cannot be extrapolated. Interpolated models performed much better, especially in diseases with obvious microbiota-related characteristics. Interpolation efficiency decreased as geographic scale increased, indicating a need to build localized baseline and disease models to predict metabolic risks.
•The first work on dynamic graph convolutional network for multi-video summarization.•Two strategies are proposed to solve the class imbalance problem of the task.•A diversity regularization is ...designed to encourage a diverse summarization.•The proposed model can generate diverse summaries and achieve state-of-the-art performances.
Multi-video summarization is an effective tool for users to browse multiple videos. In this paper, multi-video summarization is formulated as a graph analysis problem and a dynamic graph convolutional network is proposed to measure the importance and relevance of each video shot in its own video as well as in the whole video collection. Two strategies are proposed to solve the inherent class imbalance problem of video summarization task. Moreover, we propose a diversity regularization to encourage the model to generate a diverse summary. Extensive experiments are conducted, and the comparisons are carried out with the state-of-the-art video summarization methods, the traditional and novel graph models. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performances on two standard video summarization datasets. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model in generating a representative summary for multiple videos with good diversity.
It is substantially challenging for non‐centrosymmetric (NCS) Hg‐based chalcogenides for infrared nonlinear optical (IR‐NLO) applications to realize wide band gap (Eg > 3.0 eV) and sufficient ...phase‐matching (PM) second‐harmonic‐generation intensity (deff > 1.0 × benchmark AgGaS2) simultaneously due to the inherent incompatibility. To address this issue, this work presents a diagonal synergetic substitution strategy for creating two new NCS quaternary Hg‐based chalcogenides, AEHgGeS4 (AE = Sr and Ba), based on the centrosymmetric (CS) AEIn2S4. The derived AEHgGeS4 displays excellent NLO properties such as a wide Eg (≈3.04–3.07 eV), large PM deff (≈2.2–3.0 × AgGaS2), ultra‐high laser‐induced damage threshold (≈14.8–15 × AgGaS2), and suitable Δn (≈0.19–0.24@2050 nm), making them highly promising candidates for IR‐NLO applications. Importantly, such excellent second‐order NLO properties are primarily attributed to the synergistic combination of tetrahedral HgS4 and GeS4 functional primitives, as supported by detailed theoretical calculations. This study reports the first two NCS Hg‐based materials with well‐balanced comprehensive properties (i.e., Eg > 3.0 eV and deff > 1.0 × benchmark AgGaS2) and puts forward a new design avenue for the construction of more efficient IR‐NLO candidates.
Two novel non‐centrosymmetric chalcogenides, AEHgGeS4 (AE = Sr and Ba) are developed through the diagonal synergetic substitution strategy, which represents the first two examples breaking through incompatibility between large energy gap (Eg > 3.0 eV) and strong SHG response (deff > 1.0 × benchmark AgGaS2) in Hg‐based chalcogenides, owing to the synergistic effect of highly polarized HgS4 and GeS4 tetrahedra.
Image steganalysis is to discriminate innocent images (cover images) and those suspected images (stego images) with hidden messages. The task is challenging since modifications to cover images due to ...message hiding are extremely small. To handle this difficulty, modern approaches proposed using convolutional neural network (CNN) models to detect steganography with paired learning, i.e., cover images and their stegos are both in training set. In this paper, we explore an important technique in CNN models, the batch normalization (BN), for the task of image steganalysis in the paired learning framework. Our theoretical analysis shows that a CNN model with multiple batch normalization layers is difficult to be generalized to new data in the test set when it is well trained with paired learning. To address this problem, we propose a novel normalization technique called shared normalization (SN) in this paper. Unlike the BN layer utilizing the mini-batch mean and standard deviation to normalize each input batch, SN shares consistent statistics for training samples. Based on the proposed SN layer, we further propose a novel neural network model for image steganalysis. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed network with SN layers is stable and can detect the state-of-the-art steganography with better performances than previous methods.
Inorganic chalcogenides have been studied as the most promising infrared (IR) nonlinear optical (NLO) candidates for the past decades. However, it is proven difficult to discover high‐performance ...materials that combine the often‐incompatible properties of large energy gap (Eg) and strong second harmonic generation (SHG) response (deff), especially for rare‐earth chalcogenides. Herein, centrosymmetric Cs3Sb3O6Ge2O7 is selected as a maternal structure and a new noncentrosymmetric rare‐earth oxychalcogenide, namely, Nd3Ga3O3S3Ge2O7, is successfully designed and obtained by the module substitution strategy for the first time. Especially, Nd3Ga3O3S3Ge2O7 is the first case of breaking the trade‐off relationship between wide Eg (>3.5 eV) and large deff (>0.5 × AgGaS2) in rare‐earth chalcogenide system, and thus displays an outstanding IR‐NLO comprehensive performance. Detailed structure analyses and theoretical studies reveal that the NLO effect originates mainly from the cooperation of heteroanionic GaO2S2 and NdO2S6 asymmetric building blocks. This work not only presents an excellent rare‐earth IR‐NLO candidate, but also plays a crucial role in the rational structure design of other NLO materials in which both large Eg and strong deff are pursued.
An unprecedented noncentrosymmetric oxychalcogenide, Nd3Ga3O3S3Ge2O7, represents the first example of breaking through the incompatibility between large energy gap (Eg > 3.5 eV) and strong SHG response (deff > 0.5 × benchmark AgGaS2) in rare‐earth chalcogenides attributable to the synergistic effect of highly polarizable Ga3O3S3 functional modules and ethane‐like Ge2O7 groups.
Video summarization has unprecedented importance to help us overview current ever-growing amount of video collections. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic video summarization model based on ...deep learning architecture. We are the first to solve the imbalanced class distribution problem in video summarization. The over-sampling algorithm is used to balance the class distribution on training data. The novel two-stream deep architecture with the cost-sensitive learning is proposed to handle the class imbalance problem in feature learning. In the spatial stream, RGB images are used to represent the appearance of video frames, and in the temporal stream, multi-frame motion vectors with deep learning framework is firstly introduced to represent and extract temporal information of the input video. The proposed method is evaluated on two standard video summarization datasets and a standard emotional dataset. Empirical validations for video summarization demonstrate that our model achieves performance improvement over the existing and state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, the proposed method is able to highlight the video content with the active level of arousal in affective computing task. In addition, the proposed frame-based model has another advantage. It can automatically preserve the connection between consecutive frames. Although the summary is constructed based on the frame level, the final summary is comprised of informative and continuous segments instead of individual separate frames.
Phase matchability is a prerequisite for infrared nonlinear optical (IR‐NLO) crystals. Hitherto, it is relatively infrequent to design and synthesize phase‐matching (PM) materials from known ...non‐phase‐matching (NPM) materials. This work reports a series of PM chalcogenides AMII3Ga5S11 (A = K, Rb, Cs; MII = Cd, Mn) with diamond‐like frameworks (DLFs), which are derived from the known NPM AMII4Ga5S12 in the A2S−MIIS−Ga2S3 pseudoternary diagram. Notably, ACd3Ga5S11 and AMn3Ga5S11 are isomeric and exhibit different DLFs and remarkable overall properties. Especially, KCd3Ga5S11 achieves the coexistence of wide band gap (Eg = 3.25 eV), strong second‐harmonic‐generation (SHG) response (1.7 × benchmark AgGaS2) and ultrahigh laser‐induced damage threshold (36.5 × benchmark AgGaS2), which is the best IR‐NLO chalcogenides with DLF known to date. Theoretical calculations reveal that their superior performance and PM behavior are benefited from the anisotropic structural characteristics, i.e., DLFs. This work demonstrates the feasibility of designing PM IR‐NLO materials via the partial removal of asymmetric building blocks in DLF structures of NPM materials that is accessible and controllable by chemistry means.
A series of novel infrared nonlinear optical (IR‐NLO) materials with excellent performances are designed and the change from a non‐phase‐matching (NPM) parent compound AMII4Ga5S12 to the phase‐matching (PM) AMII3Ga5S11 is observed. This interesting phase matchability transformation in diamond‐like frameworks is ascribed to the partial removal of asymmetric building blocks.
The phlebioid clade (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) accommodates numerous species of corticioid and polyporoid fungi of the Phanerochaetaceae, Irpicaceae, and Meruliaceae. The present study used ...morphological and phylogenetic approaches to revise the generic classification of the phlebioid clade and survey species diversity. The phylogenetic analyses were performed using sequences of multiple genes, including the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), the D1-D2 domains of 28S rDNA (28S), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (
rpb1
), the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (
rpb2
), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (
tef1
). We overall recognize 57 genera including six new ones (
Alboefibula
,
Cremeoderma
,
Gelatinofungus
,
Luteochaete
,
Phanerochaetella
and
Quasiphlebia
). We describe 26 new species belonging to 15 genera (
Alboefibula bambusicola
,
A. gracilis
,
Crustodontia taiwanensis
,
Cytidiella albomarginata
,
Efibula matsuensis
,
E. turgida
,
E. subglobispora
,
Gelatinofungus brunneus
,
Hydnophlebia aurantia
,
H. crocata
,
Irpex lenis
,
Mycoaciella efibulata
,
Phanerochaete alpina
,
P. crystallina
,
P. guangdongensis
,
P. rhizomorpha
,
P. spadicea
,
P. subcarnosa
,
Phanerochaetella formosana
,
Phlebiopsis odontoidea
,
P. yushaniae
,
Quasiphlebia densa
,
Rhizochaete chinensis
,
Roseograndinia jilinensis
,
R. minispora
, and
Scopuloides allantoidea
), and present 18 new combinations belonging to 12 genera (
Cremeoderma unicum
,
Crustodontia nigrodontea
,
C. tongxiniana
,
Cytidiella albida
,
Efibula intertexta
,
Hydnophlebia alachuana
,
Irpex laceratus
,
I. latemarginatus
,
I. rosettiformis
,
Luteochaete subglobosa
,
Luteoporia lutea
,
Phanerochaetella angustocystidiata
,
P. exilis
,
P. leptoderma
,
P. xerophila
,
Phlebiopsis alba
,
Rhizochaete lutea
,
Scopuloides dimorpha
). Descriptions, illustrations and notes of new species and some new records are provided, as well as identification keys to genera of each family.
The acquisition of a non-centrosymmetric (NCS) structure and achieving a nice trade-off between a large energy gap ( E g > 3.5 eV) and a strong second-harmonic generation (SHG) response ( d eff > 1.0 ...× benchmark AgGaS 2 ) are two formidable challenges in the design and development of infrared nonlinear optical (IR-NLO) candidates. In this work, a new quaternary NCS sulfide, SrCdSiS 4 , has been rationally designed using the centrosymmetric SrGa 2 S 4 as the template via a dual-site aliovalent substitution strategy. SrCdSiS 4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Ama 2 (no. 40) and features a unique two-dimensional CdSiS 4 2− layer constructed from corner- and edge-sharing CdS 4 and SiS 4 basic building units (BBUs). Remarkably, SrCdSiS 4 displays superior IR-NLO comprehensive performances, and this is the first report on an alkaline-earth metal-based IR-NLO material that breaks through the incompatibility between a large E g (>3.5 eV) and a strong phase-matching d eff (>1.0 × AgGaS 2 ). In-depth mechanism explorations strongly demonstrate that the synergistic effect of distorted tetrahedral CdS 4 and SiS 4 BBUs is the main origin of the strong SHG effect and large birefringence. This work not only provides a high-performance IR-NLO candidate, but also offers a feasible chemical design strategy for constructing NCS structures.
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