Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) enjoy a good reputation for being safe, affordable to produce, and ecologically friendly due to the use of water‐based electrolytes. The main factors restricting the ...development of ZIBs, however, are the negative effects of dendrite deposition on the zinc anode and the dissolution of common cathodes such as Mn and V‐based cathodes. Various techniques have been used to address these issues, including regulating the electrolyte concentration or solvation structure, developing a coating or current collector to lessen anode dendrite growth, and improving the structural stability of the cathode. Recently, functionalized separator strategies have gained popularity as effective ways to improve ZIB performance. The use of a functionalized separator is also a practical technique to save costs and increase the volumetric energy density of the battery by substituting a functionalized separator for the usual thick and expensive glass fiber separator. The development of functionalized separators in ZIBs is the subject of ongoing research, and this work presents the most recent findings in a systematic manner, focusing on both the effects and the methods to prepare or modify them. Finally, a brief explanation of the constraints and future potential of current functionalized separator development is provided.
Functionalized separators are employed in improving the performance of zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs). This Review presents new insights into the contribution of functionalized separators in enhancing cathode and anode performance and reducing battery costs. This provides enlightening direction for the rational design of high‐performance ZIBs.
Background
Computed tomography (CT) is essential for pulmonary nodule detection in diagnosing lung cancer. As deep learning algorithms have recently been regarded as a promising technique in medical ...fields, we attempt to integrate a well‐trained deep learning algorithm to detect and classify pulmonary nodules derived from clinical CT images.
Materials and Methods
Open‐source data sets and multicenter data sets have been used in this study. A three‐dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) was designed to detect pulmonary nodules and classify them into malignant or benign diseases based on pathologically and laboratory proven results.
Results
The sensitivity and specificity of this well‐trained model were found to be 84.4% (95% confidence interval CI, 80.5%–88.3%) and 83.0% (95% CI, 79.5%–86.5%), respectively. Subgroup analysis of smaller nodules (<10 mm) have demonstrated remarkable sensitivity and specificity, similar to that of larger nodules (10–30 mm). Additional model validation was implemented by comparing manual assessments done by different ranks of doctors with those performed by three‐dimensional CNN. The results show that the performance of the CNN model was superior to manual assessment.
Conclusion
Under the companion diagnostics, the three‐dimensional CNN with a deep learning algorithm may assist radiologists in the future by providing accurate and timely information for diagnosing pulmonary nodules in regular clinical practices.
Implications for Practice
The three‐dimensional convolutional neural network described in this article demonstrated both high sensitivity and high specificity in classifying pulmonary nodules regardless of diameters as well as superiority compared with manual assessment. Although it still warrants further improvement and validation in larger screening cohorts, its clinical application could definitely facilitate and assist doctors in clinical practice.
摘要
背景。在肺癌的诊断中，计算机断层扫描 (CT) 对于肺结节的检测必不可少。近几年，随着医学领域逐渐认识到深度学习算法这种技术的价值，本研究试图集成一种训练有素的深度学习算法，对临床 CT 图像中的肺结节进行检测和分类。
材料和方法。本研究使用了开源数据集和多中心数据集。本文设计了一种三维卷积神经网络 (CNN) 来检测肺结节，然后根据病理和实验室证实的结果，判断为恶性或良性结节。
结果。这种训练有素的模型敏感性和特异性分别为 84.4% 95% 可信区间 (CI)， 80.5%‐88.3%和83.0%(95% CI，79.5%‐86.5%)。小结节 (< 10mm) 亚组分析显示的敏感性和特异性显著，与大结节 (10‐30mm) 相似。对比不同级别医生的人工评估结果与三维 CNN 的评估结果，进行了额外的模型验证。结果表明，CNN 模型的表现优于人工评估。
结论。通过伴随诊断可知，加入深度学习算法的三维 CNN 能够提供准确、及时的信息，有助于放射科医生在常规临床实践中的肺结节诊断工作。
实践意义:在对各种直径的肺结节分类中，本文所述的三维卷积神经网络具有较高的敏感性和特异性，与人工评估结果相比具有优越性。虽然仍需在更大的筛选队列中进行进一步改进和验证，但可以肯定的是，临床应用三维卷积神经网络可以促进和协助医生的临床实践工作。
Interest in deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) is growing because of demonstrated accuracy with less manual intervention in computer vision tasks. This article describes efforts to use a pre‐trained CNN model integrating with multi‐centers datasets for detection and classification of pulmonary nodules.
The direct asymmetric α‐hydroxylation of β‐dicarbonyl compounds has been developed using cinchona‐derived phase‐transfer catalysts in batch and semi‐flow processes. Using visible light as the driving ...force and air as oxidant, the corresponding products were obtained in excellent yields (up to 96%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 90% ee). The catalyst acts as a chiral center and a catalytic center and forms a chiral enolate complex with the substrate to act as a photosensitive center in the reaction. The use of semi‐flow photochemical processes allowed a reduction in reaction time (24 h to 0.89 h) and good yields (up to 93%) and enantioselectivities (up to 88% ee) were obtained.
The use of DNA as a template has been demonstrated as an effective method for synthesizing different-sized silver nanoclusters. Although DNA-templated silver nanoclusters show outstanding performance ...as fluorescent probes for chemical sensing and cellular imaging, the synthesis of DNA-stabilized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) with high fluorescence intensity remains a challenge. Here a facile, reproducible, scalable, NaBH4-free, UV-light-assisted method was developed to prepare AuNCs using repeats of 30 adenosine nucleotides (A30). The maximal fluorescence of A30-stabilized AuNCs appeared at 475 nm with moderate quantum yield, two fluorescence lifetimes, and a small amount of Au+ on the surface of the Au core. Results of size-exclusion chromatography revealed that A30-stabilized AuNCs were more compact than A30. A series of control experiments showed that UV light played a dual role in the reduction of gold-ion precursors and the decomposition of citrate ions. A30 also acted as a stabilizer to prevent the aggregation of AuNCs. In addition, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) consisting of an AuNC-nucleation sequence and a hybridization sequence was utilized to develop a AuNC-based ratiometric fluorescent probe in the presence of the double-strand-chelating dye SYBR Green I (SG). Under conditions of single-wavelength excitation, the combination of AuNC/SG-bearing ssDNA and perfectly matched DNA emitted fluorescence at 475 and 525 nm, respectively. The formed AuNC/SG-bearing ssDNA enabled the sensitive, selective, and ratiometric detection of specific nucleic acid targets. Finally, the AuNC-based ratiometric probes were successfully applied to determine specific nucleic acid targets in human serum.
The challenge with aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) lies in finding suitable cathode materials that can provide high capacity and fast kinetics. Herein, two‐dimensional topological Bi2Se3 with ...acceptable Bi‐vacancies for ZIBs cathode (Cu‐Bi2−xSe3) is constructed through one‐step hydrothermal process accompanied by Cu heteroatom introduction. The cation‐deficient Cu‐Bi2−xSe3 nanosheets (≈4 nm) bring improved conductivity from large surface topological metal states contribution and enhanced bulk conductivity. Besides, the increased adsorption energy and reduced Zn2+ migration barrier demonstrated by density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations illustrate the decreased Coulombic ion‐lattice repulsion of Cu‐Bi2−xSe3. Therefore, Cu‐Bi2−xSe3 exhibits both enhanced ion and electron transport capability, leading to more carrier reversible insertion proved by in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (SXRD). These features endow Cu‐Bi2−xSe3 with sufficient specific capacity (320 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), high‐rate performance (97 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1), and reliable cycling stability (70 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 after 4000 cycles). Furthermore, quasi‐solid‐state fiber‐shaped ZIBs employing the Cu‐Bi2−xSe3 cathode demonstrate respectable performance and superior flexibility even under high mass loading. This work implements a conceptually innovative strategy represented by cation defect design in topological insulator cathode for achieving high‐performance battery electrochemistry.
The challenge with aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) lies in the design of suitable cathode materials. Herein, two‐dimensional topological Bi2Se3 with acceptable cation vacancies for ZIBs cathode is constructed through one‐step hydrothermal process, which exhibits both enhanced ion and electron transport capability. The remarkable reversible charge storage capacity points to its promising strategy for achieving high performance aqueous zinc‐ion batteries.
Recently, metal nanoclusters (MNCs) emerged as a new class of luminescent materials and have attracted tremendous interest in the area of luminescence-related applications due to their excellent ...luminous properties (good photostability, large Stokes shift) and inherent good biocompatibility. However, the origin of photoluminescence (PL) of MNCs is still not fully understood, which has limited their practical application. In this mini-review, focusing on the origin of the photoemission emission of MNCs, we simply review the evolution of luminescent mechanism models of MNCs, from the pure metal-centered quantum confinement mechanics to ligand-centered p band intermediate state (PBIS) model via a transitional ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT or LMMCT) mechanism as a compromise model.
The value of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) in neoadjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer remains uncertain.
Both electronic databases and proceedings of oncologic ...meetings were included in systematic literature search. Pooled rates of pathological complete response (pCR), odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effect model to determine the effect of neoadjuvant nab-paclitaxel.
Twenty-one studies with 2357 patients were included, 3 of which were randomized clinical trials. The aggregate pCR(ypT0/is ypN0) rate was 32% (95% CI 25-38%) in unselected breast cancer patients and variated in different subtypes. Within randomized clinical trials, the probability of achieving pCR was significantly higher in the nab-paclitaxel group than in the conventional taxanes group (OR = 1.383, 95%CI 1.141-1.676, p = 0.001). For non-hematological toxic effect, any grade and grade 3-4 peripheral sensory neuropathy occurred more frequently with nab-paclitaxel compared to paclitaxel (any grade, OR = 2.090, 95%CI 1.016-4.302, p = 0.045; grade3-4, OR = 3.766, 95%CI 2.324-6.100, p < 0.001). Hypersensitivity was more common with paclitaxel than nab-paclitaxel at any grade and grade 3-4.
nab-paclitaxel is an effective cytotoxic drug in neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer, especially for aggressive tumors in terms of pCR. Exchange of nab-paclitaxel for conventional taxanes could significantly improve pCR rate with reasonable toxicities.
Atherosclerosis (AS) is chronic pathological process based on the inflammatory reaction associated with factors including vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and autoimmunity. ...Inflammasomes are known to be at the core of the inflammatory response. As a pattern recognition receptor of innate immunity, the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates the secretion of inflammatory factors by activating the Caspase-1, which is important for maintaining the immune system and regulating the gut microbiome, and participates in the occurrence and development of AS. The intestinal microecology is composed of a large number of complex structures of gut microbiota and its metabolites, which play an important role in AS. The gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and regulating intestinal microecology represent a new direction for the treatment of AS. This paper systematically reviews the interaction between the NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiome in AS, strategies for targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiome for the treatment of AS, and provides new ideas for the research and development of drugs for the treatment of AS.
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A novel and facile visible-light-mediated alkylation of indoles and nitroalkenes has been developed. In this protocol, rose bengal acts as a photosensitizer, and environmentally benign water was used ...as the green and efficient reaction medium. Indoles reacted smoothly with nitroalkenes under the irradiation of visible-light and generated corresponding 3-(2-nitroalkyl)indoles in moderate to good yields (up to 87%).
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