Fine hand movements require the synergistic contraction of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles to achieve them. In this paper, a Finite Element Digital Human Hand Model (FE-DHHM) containing solid tendons ...and ligaments and driven by the Muscle-Tendon Junction (MTJ) displacements of FDS, FDP and ED measured by ultrasound imaging was developed. The synergistic contraction of these muscles during the finger flexion movements was analyzed by simulating five sets of finger flexion movements. The results showed that the FDS and FDP contracted together to provide power during the flexion movements, while the ED acted as an antagonist. The peak stresses of the FDS, FDP and ED were all at the joints. In the flexion without resistance, the FDS provided the main driving force, and the FDS and FDP alternated in a "plateau" of muscle force. In the flexion with resistance, the muscle forces of FDS, FDP, and ED were all positively correlated with fingertip forces. The FDS still provided the main driving force, but the stress maxima occurred in the FDP at the DIP joint.
Fine hand movements require the synergistic contraction of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles to achieve them. In this paper, a Finite Element Digital Human Hand Model (FE-DHHM) containing solid tendons ...and ligaments and driven by the Muscle-Tendon Junction (MTJ) displacements of FDS, FDP and ED measured by ultrasound imaging was developed. The synergistic contraction of these muscles during the finger flexion movements was analyzed by simulating five sets of finger flexion movements. The results showed that the FDS and FDP contracted together to provide power during the flexion movements, while the ED acted as an antagonist. The peak stresses of the FDS, FDP and ED were all at the joints. In the flexion without resistance, the FDS provided the main driving force, and the FDS and FDP alternated in a "plateau" of muscle force. In the flexion with resistance, the muscle forces of FDS, FDP, and ED were all positively correlated with fingertip forces. The FDS still provided the main driving force, but the stress maxima occurred in the FDP at the DIP joint.
Abstract A 29-year-old pregnant woman was delivered by cesarean section under a combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Thirty hours after an uneventful surgery, she complained of weakness in her lower ...extremities and developed fecal and urinary incontinence. Lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging showed thickening and clumping of cauda equina nerve roots at L2-3 level, consistent with the diagnosis of arachnoiditis. The patient was included in an intense rehabilitation program with a diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome. Most of the symptoms resolved within a few days, but right side foot drop persisted for 2 years after the procedure. Because there was no other etiologies being noticed, we hypothesized that the hyperbaric bupivacaine neurotoxicity was likely to be the cause for this neurologic deficit.
A 45-year-old female patient presented with symptoms of polydipsia and polyuria, menopause, headache, gait disturbance and deteriorated mental state. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an ...irregular mass in the anterior third ventricle. The tumor was excised using a transfrontal approach from the anterior section of the third ventricle. The histological diagnosis was of an intracranial pure yolk sac tumor. The patient underwent radiotherapy and suffered no tumor recurrence one year after the surgery. Overall, when heterogeneous enhancement and an irregular mass with surrounding invasion and ventricular dilation are observed in the anterior third ventricle of an adult, a yolk sac tumor should be considered, and MRI may aid the differential diagnosis. A combination of surgical resection and radiotherapy is recommended for the yolk sac tumor.
Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for water + epichlorohydrin + {chloroform or isopropyl ether or methyl tert-butyl ether or isopropyl acetate or ethylacetate or 2-ethyl-1-hexanol} systems at ...308.2 K under 101.3 kPa were determined. The distribution coefficient and the separation factor were used to judge the extraction efficiency of different solvents on epichlorohydrin removal from water. The Othmer-Tobias, Hand, and Bachman equations were applied to check the reliability of the experimental LLE data. Furthermore, the experimental LLE data were successfully correlated with the NRTL and UNIQUAC models with all the RMSD values were less than 0.57%.
•The LLE data for water + ECH + {chloroform or DIPE or MTBE or EA or isopropyl acetate or 2-ethyl-1-hexanol} were measured.•The distribution coefficient and separation factor were calculated.•The reliability of LLE data were verified by the Othmer-Tobias, Bachman and Hand equations.•The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were applied to correlate the experimental LLE data.•The binary interaction parameter values were obtained from the data correlation.
The highly dispersed mNi/xLa−Si catalysts with varied weight percentages of Ni and La were synthesized via one-pot sol-gel process and subsequently applied to combined carbon dioxide and steam ...reforming of methane (CSDRM) for syngas production. The addition of La improved the catalytic activity and stability as well as the coke resistance of the mNi/xLa−Si catalysts. The effects of preparation routes, Ni contents and CO2/steam (C/S) ratios on the performances of the Ni/LaSi catalysts were studied in detail for the CSDRM. The 17.5Ni/3.0LaSi catalyst synthesized with the assistance of poly (ethylene glycol) and ethylene glycol exhibited the most excellent catalytic activity, stability and coke resistance. In addition, the H2/CO ratios in the product gas could be tuned by changing the C/S ratios in the feed. When the C/S ratio was 0.5, the H2/CO ratio of about 2 was achieved for the 17.5Ni/3.0LaSi catalyst.
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•Ni/xLa-Si catalyst possessed high activity and long-term stability for CSDRM.•Ni/3.0LaSi catalyst showed a H2/CO molar ratio of stoichiometric value of 2 for CSDRM.•Addition of La significantly inhibited the carbon deposition on Ni/xLa-Si catalysts.•Either PEG or EG was proved to be positive in improving the performance of Ni/xLa-Si catalysts.•The H2/CO molar ratio could be tuned with different CO2/steam ratios in the feed.
Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles (∼2.2 nm) on ordered mesoporous carbon (Pt/CMK-3–HQ) were first prepared through a two-step impregnation route with aqueous solutions of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) ...and H2PtCl6, respectively. The Pt/CMK-3–HQ quantitatively converted various halogenated nitroarenes to the corresponding haloanilines using hydrazine hydrate with unprecedented activities (e.g., turnover frequency for o-chloronitrobenzene was 30.2 s–1) and exhibited high stability with 20 cycles without decrease in catalytic efficiency. The high activity and chemoselectivity of Pt/CMK-3–HQ were attributed to the cooperation effect between Pt and N species, promoting cleavage of hydrazine to generate more Pt–H– and N–H+ species for reduction of nitro groups and weakening the interaction between halogen groups and Pt atoms for activation of C-halogen bonds.
•Nulliparas with gestational age ≥37 weeks who entered active labor during January 2016 to June 2016 were retrospectively studied. Nulliparas who received labor epidural anesthesia(LEA) were compared ...with those who did not.•When using 37.5 °C as the fever standard, labor epidural analgesia with low concentration of ropivacaine(0.068%) was associated with maternal fever.•When using 38 °C as the fever standard, after controlling the influence of stratification factors of duration of labor, labor analgesia is no longer a risk factor for maternal fever.
To investigate the effect of different concentrations of ropivacaine on maternal temperature and inflammatory factors during epidural analgesia.
One hundred and forty healthy term nulliparas were ...randomly assigned to receive epidural analgesia with either 0.1% ropivacaine (group H) or 0.068% ropivacaine (group L). Epidural sufentanil 0.3 μg/mL was added in both groups. Maternal tympanic temperature was measured at initiation of epidural analgesia (baseline temperature) and each hour thereafter. Maternal blood samples were taken at the time of epidural placement and 4 hours after analgesia to detect IL-6 and IL-1β serum concentrations. Visual analog scale pain scores, labour events and neonatal outcomes were recorded.
Epidural analgesia using 0.1% or 0.068% ropivacaine both achieved satisfactory pain relief. Increases in maternal body temperature and in IL-6 levels were observed in both groups, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The incidence of maternal fever was similar between the two groups.
Maternal body temperature and serum inflammatory factors are similarly affected by 0.1% or 0.068% ropivacaine used during epidural analgesia use for labour pain relief.
To calculate the stomach volume according to the antral area in pregnant women.
Prospective observational study.
One of the maternity units in our hospital.
24 singleton pregnancy women, over ...18-year-old, non-laboring, gestational age ≥ 36 weeks, ASA physical status I to II were involved in our study.
An ultrasound assessment of the antrum was performed to the pregnant women after 8 hours fasting for the first time. Those lacking of visualization of any gastric contents in the antrum in both the supine and the right lateral decubitus positions were included in our study. Thereafter 50 ml of water was ingested, 4 times, 200 ml in total. The antrum area was examined 2mins after each 50 ml ingest of water.
A high correlation between CSA and volume of liquid ingested (r = 0.90,P < 0.01) was found. We can construct a formula for the prediction of volume values based on the measured CSA values and demographic variables. The equation is: Volumeml=270.76+13.68∗CSA−1.20∗gestationalage
Bedside antrum area examination by ultrasonography can provide quantitative information for the assessment of the gastric content and volume in the pregnant women. We can calculate the actual stomach capacity according to the CSA of the gastric antrum.
•Ultrasonography was used to assess gastric content (cross-sectional area (CSA) of the gastric antrum) and volume in pregnant woman, and a high correlation between them was found.•Cross-sectional area (CSA) of the gastric antrum is used to assess the gastric volume•Pregnant women fast 8 hours with Perlas Grade 0(defined as the lack of visualization of any gastric contents in the antrum in both the supine and the right lateral decubitus positions) are considered as an empty stomach.•A high correlation between CSA and volume(r=0.90,P<0.01) was found.•We can construct a formula for the prediction of volume values Volume(ml) = 270.76+13.68*CSA -1.20*gestational age
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