Ferrate (K2FeO4) is a powerful oxidant and up to 3 mol of electrons could be captured by 1 mol of ferrate in the theoretical conversion of Fe(VI)–Fe(V)–Fe(IV)–Fe(III). However, it is reported ...that the utilization efficiency of the ferrate oxidation capacity is quite low because of the rapid autodecomposition of intermediate iron species, which negatively influences the potential of ferrate on organic pollutants control. We accidentally found that for the ferrate oxidation of carbamazepine (CBZ), bisphenol S (BPS), diclofenac (DCF), and ciprofloxacin (CIP), the determined reaction rate constants were 1.7–2.4 times lower in phosphate buffer than those in borate buffer at pH 8.0. For the reaction of ferrate with 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) at pH 7.0, the determined reaction stoichiometries were 1:1.04 in 100 mM phosphate buffer, 1:1.18 in 10 mM phosphate buffer, and 1:1.93 in 10 mM borate buffer, respectively. The oxidation ability of ferrate seems depressed in phosphate buffer. A kinetic model involving the oxidation of ABTS by Fe(VI), Fe(V) and Fe(IV) species was developed and fitted the ABTS•+ formation kinetics well under different buffer conditions. The results showed that phosphate exhibited little influence on the oxidation ability of Fe(VI) and Fe(IV) species, but decreased the specific rate constants of ABTS with Fe(V) species by 1–2 orders of magnitude, resulting in the outcompeting of Fe(V) autodecomposition pathway. The complexation between phosphate anions and Fe(V) species may account for the inhibition effect of phosphate buffer. Considering that many studies regarding ferrate oxidation were carried out in phosphate buffer, the actual oxidation ability of ferrate may be underestimated.
DL-3-n-Butylphthalide (DL-NBP), a small molecular compound extracted from the seeds of Apium graveolens Linn (Chinese celery), has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects due to its ...anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic activities. DL-NBP not only protects against ischemic cerebral injury, but also ameliorates vascular cognitive impairment in dementia patients including AD and PD. In the current study, we investigated whether and how DL-NBP exerted a neuroprotective effect against diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD) in db/db mice, a model of type-2 diabetes. db/db mice were orally administered DL-NBP (20, 60, 120 mg· kg
· d
) for 8 weeks. Then the mice were subjected to behavioral test, their brain tissue was collected for morphological and biochemical analyses. We showed that oral administration of DL-NBP significantly ameliorated the cognitive decline with improved learning and memory function in Morris water maze testing. Furthermore, DL-NBP administration attenuated diabetes-induced morphological alterations and increased neuronal survival and restored the levels of synaptic protein PSD95, synaptophysin and synapsin-1 as well as dendritic density in the hippocampus, especially at a dose of 60 mg/kg. Moreover, we revealed that DL-NBP administration suppressed oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression by activating PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling in the hippocampus. These beneficial effects of DL-NBP were observed in high glucose-treated PC12 cells. Our results suggest that DL-NBP may be a potential pharmacologic agent for the treatment of DACD.
Large and easily accessible porphyry Cu deposits have already been identified, exploited, and gradually exhausted. Novel strategies, therefore, are required to identify new, deeply buried deposits. ...Previous studies have proposed several lithogeochemical and mineralogical approaches for identifying porphyry Cu systems. Most of these methods, however, require significant a priori knowledge of the exploration region and are, generally, of low effectiveness. In this study, machine learning models using Random Forest and Deep Neural Network algorithms are utilized to characterize magma fertility. The two models have first been trained using a large trace‐element data set of magmatic zircon and then validated on unseen data set during the training process. The performance of both models was evaluated using a fivefold cross‐validation technique, which demonstrates that the models provide consistent results and yield good classification accuracy (∼90% on average) with low false positive rates. Feature importance analysis of the models suggests that Eu/Eu*, Eu/Eu*/Y, Ce/Nd, Ce/Ce*, Dy, Hf, and Ti are the important parameters that distinguish fertile and barren zircons. The real‐world applicability of the validated models was evaluated using two well‐characterized porphyry Cu deposits in subduction and postcollisional settings—the Highland Valley porphyry Cu district (south‐central British Columbia, Canada) and the southern Gangdese belt (Tibet, China), respectively. The results demonstrate that our generalized models can discriminate zircon from igneous rocks associated with porphyry Cu deposits from those in nonmineralized systems with high accuracy and independent of geological setting, suggesting that this new approach can be used effectively in greenfield and brownfield exploration.
Plain Language Summary
Mineral resources, which are important to the development of human society, are increasingly being consumed as our need for technological advancement increases. With this consumption comes the need to identify additional resources, many of which may be invisible at the Earth’s surface. This challenges current exploration methods, requiring novel techniques to be developed to identify variably mineralized rock below Earth’s surface. In this study, machine learning methods are trained using a global data set of zircon chemistry to evaluate the prospectivity of porphyry Cu mineralization in magmatic districts. This work demonstrates that machine learning methods provide a robust, accurate, and effective approach to identifying porphyry Cu mineral resources.
Key Points
A global data set of magmatic zircon trace‐element chemistry is used to train two separate machine learning algorithms
The Eu/Eu*, Eu/Eu*/Y, Ce/Nd, and Ce/Ce* ratios, and Dy, Hf, and Ti contents are important for distinguishing fertile and barren zircons
The performance of the machine learning models is not affected by regional differences and geological setting
Background. Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients have an increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our aim was to assess the risk of CRC in UC patients compared with disease extent, ...disease duration, and geographic variation. Methods. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, scientific meetings, and the bibliographies of identified articles, with English language restrictions for studies published from 1988 to 2018, and assessed the risk of CRC in UC patients. Patients with Crohn’s disease, family history of CRC, and colorectal adenomatous polyp (CAP) were excluded from this research. The study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018102213. Findings. We included 58 studies that included 267566 UC patients. Extensive UC and left-sided UC had a higher risk of CRC than proctitis UC. Geography also played a role in UC-associated CRC development. The time of malignant transformation in Asian UC patients started after 10-20 years of this disease duration. North American UC-associated CRC patients significantly increased in more than 30 years of this disease duration. Conclusion. In a systematic review of the literature, we found that disease extent, disease duration, and geography were strong, independent risk factors in UC-associated CRC development.
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•Incorporation of REE and U into andradite mainly follows coupled YAG-type substitution mechanism and the coupled substitution of U4+VIII + 2Fe3+, Al3+Ⅳ – Ca2+ – 2Si4+Ⅳ in the ...dodecahedral position, respectively.•During skarn formation, the fluid evolved from pore fluid-mixed, through magmatic-hydrothermal dominated, to meteoric water influx.•The ages of andradite samples indicate that the skarn ore formation is coeval with associated granodiorite intrusions.
The Chengmenshan Cu-Au deposit is a typical porphyry-skarn deposit in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt (MLYRMB), developing abundant oscillatory zoned andradite. However, the physiochemical conditions, hydrothermal evolution and age of skarn formation is unknown. This paper presents BSE image, EMPA point analyses, LA-ICP-MS point analyses and mapping, U-Pb isotope data for andradite from the Chengmenshan Cu-Au deposit. From core to rim, three generations of andradite could be identified (Grt-1, Grt-2, Grt-3). Grt-1 (Adr73-88) exhibit compositional variations as oscillatory zoning. Grt-2 (Adr93-100) is almost pure andradite, with smooth surface. Grt-3 (And71-93) occur as halo surrounding earlier andradite, with broken surface. Incorporation of REE and U into all generations of andradite mainly follows coupled YAG-type substitution mechanism and the coupled substitution of U4+VIII + 2Fe3+, Al3+Ⅳ – Ca2+ – 2Si4+Ⅳ in the dodecahedral position, respectively. Their associated intrusions, mineral assemblages and consistent positive Eu anomalies indicate an acidic, oxidizing and low salinity forming conditions. From core to rim, the contents of REE and HFSE are decreasing, and the REE patterns evolve from flatted, through LREE-enriched, HREE-depleted, to REE-depleted. The chemical composition and evolution of oscillatory zoned andradite suggest that the fluids in Chengmenshan deposit experienced the sequences of pore fluid-mixed, through magmatic-hydrothermal dominated, to meteoric water influx. In this process, the temperature, pH and fluid compositions varied. U contents are closely correlated with REE contents, especially LREE contents. The andradite samples yield Tera-Wasserburg lower intercept 206Pb/238U ages of 140.1 ± 2.6 Ma (MSWD = 1.8), representing the age of Cu-Au mineralization. These results indicate the evolutionary characteristics of hydrotheraml fluids and precisely date the Cu-Au skarn formation, which may serve as a useful indicator in the exploration of similar skarn deposits and point selection for U-Pb dating.
Wound immersion in seawater with high salt, high sodium, and a high abundance of pathogenic bacteria, especially gram-negative bacteria, can cause serious infections and difficulties in wound repair. ...The present study aimed to prepare a composite hydrogel composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) and quaternized chitosan (QCS) that may promote wound healing of seawater-immersed wounds and prevent bacterial infection. Based on dynamic Schiff base linkage, hydrogel was prepared by mixing oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) and hyaluronic acid-hydrazide (HA-ADH) under physiological conditions. With the addition of quaternized chitosan, oxidized hyaluronic acid/hyaluronic acid-hydrazide/quaternized chitosan (OHA/HA-ADH/O-HACC and OHA/HA-ADH/N-HACC) composite hydrogels with good swelling properties and mechanical properties, appropriate water vapor transmission rates (WVTR), and excellent stability were prepared. The biocompatibility of the hydrogels was demonstrated by
fibroblast L929 cell culture study. The results of
and
studies revealed that the prepared antibacterial hydrogels could largely inhibit bacterial growth. The
study further demonstrated that the antibacterial hydrogels exhibited high repair efficiencies in a seawater-immersed wound defect model. In addition, the antibacterial hydrogels decreased pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) but enhanced anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β1) in wound. This work indicates that the prepared antibacterial composite hydrogels have great potential in chronic wound healing applications, such as severe wound cure and treatment of open trauma infections.
Precision fertilizer application technology is necessary to improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizers in agricultural production. Traditional mechanical fertilization systems risk blockages ...and uneven application when working in multiple crop rows. Pneumatic fertilization systems have improved efficiency and fertilization quality, however, fewer studies have characterized their designs in regards to the motion of the fertilizer particles. Here, we design and evaluate the parameters of the key components of a pneumatic fertilizer discharge system. Numerical simulations were conducted using a coupled EDEM-FLUENT and gas-phase models together with bench tests to examine the effects of inlet wind speed on the efficiency and consistency of the pneumatic fertilization system. The EDEM-FLUENT simulations showed that the number of fertilizer particles in the grid box set by EDEM was 60 particles in the range from t = 0.275 s to t = 0.5 s, and there was no blockage or cut-off in the pipe. The gas-phase simulation showed that there were tiny vortices in the fertilizer conveying pipe, and the maximum flow rate of its backflow was lower than 3.59 m/s, which had little effect on the fertilizer conveyance. The bench test showed that the inlet wind speed was 35–40 m/s, and the fertilization efficiency was 0.29–0.41 kg/s when the maximum variation coefficient of the row discharge consistency of the pneumatic distribution fertilizer discharge system was 5.55%. The coefficient of variation of the average row discharge consistency was 3.93%, and the average fertilizer discharge met the design requirements. Therefore, the pneumatic distribution system achieves stable operation and meets the requirements of fertilization operations.
Laser cladding is a surface modification technique for improving surface properties. However, high residual tensile stress is always originated, which can create cracks in cladding coatings. The ...through-thickness residual stresses in Fe-based coating prepared by laser cladding were measured using a non-destructive nanoindentation technique. The cladding coating with a thickness of 1 mm exhibited a uniform appearance, and no crack or defect was observed. An excellent metallurgic bond was obtained between the coating and the substrate. The XRD pattern implied that the coating was mainly composed of α(Fe, Cr) solid solution, Cr
7
C
3
hard phase and Fe
2
B stable phase. The residual tensile stress in the cladding coating was found to increase as the increasing of the distance from coating surface. Although the tensile residual stress reaches the highest magnitude of 700 MPa up to the depth of 600 μm, no dehiscence happened. The prepared cladding coating has good plasticity and toughness, as well as low crack sensitivity.
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has gained significant attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to its potential therapeutic applications. However, few studies have reported the ...components, especially anti-ageing-related components, of PRP derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB). It is essential to understand the influence of age on the composition and efficacy of PRP to optimize its clinical use. The present study compared the concentrations of bioactive components in PRP from healthy female adults and UCB-derived PRP. PRP was obtained from blood samples from females in four age groups (12 per group): neonates (UCB donors) and adults aged 18–25, 26–45, and 46–65 years, respectively. The concentrations of epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), insulin-like growth factor-1, platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), PDGF-AB/BB, vascular endothelial growth factor A, RANTES, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, GDF11, and clusterin and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the PRP samples were determined and compared among groups. Pairwise comparisons between the groups showed statistically significant differences in the concentrations of some bioactive components of PRP, such as FGF-2, PDGF-AB/BB, and clusterin, and GPx activity. UCB-derived PRP contains various active ingredients such as VEGF-A, CAT activity, and TIMP-2. Contrary to expectations, UCB-derived PRP did not show higher concentrations of the anti-ageing protein GDF11. Because UCB is a rich source of bioactive components with low immunogenicity, its use in PRP preparation is an important research direction for future studies.
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