Eastern China provides a precious opportunity to explore how subduction drives evolution of the overlying continental lithosphere and to understand the fate of subducted plates. In this study, a ...synthesis of geochronological, whole-rock geochemical and zircon Hf isotopic data is used to examine temporal and spatial variations in distribution, composition and generation of Mesozoic magmas in the northern North China Craton. A compilation of age data reveals over 1000 km of inland-ward migration of a magmatic belt during 185– 145 Ma and then back again after 145– 140 Ma, coincident with the transition from contractional to extensional deformation regime in the very early Cretaceous. Distinct trends in lithologies, geochemistry and NdHf isotopes as a function of age and location are also observed in these magmas. The Mesozoic magmatism and deformation, as well as the lithospheric destruction, across the northern North China Craton is interpreted as the consequence of a change in subduction geodynamic regime of the Paleo-Pacific slab and its interaction with overlying continental lithosphere, which involves an active continental arc at Korean and Liaodong Peninsulas in the early-middle Jurassic, progressive shallowing of the subducting Paleo-Pacific plate in the middle-late Jurassic, and subsequent slab rollback in the early Cretaceous. Considering that trench retreat and slab-roll back are demonstrated as the pre-request of slab stagnation in the mantle transition zone, we further propose that the big mantle wedge structure in East Asia was probably initiated at 145– 140 Ma and was likely fully developed by ~120 Ma. Such a peculiar deep mantle structure governed the post-Cretaceous evolution of the Asian continental lithosphere by mediating the chemical and physical properties of upper mantle.
•This paper investigates the effect of anti-corruption on the financing and investing in innovation.•Stronger anti-corruption efforts make firms more likely to acquire long-term debt.•Firms located ...in provinces with stronger anti-corruption efforts invest significantly more of their newly acquired funds in R&D and generate more patents.•The above positive and significant effect is almost entirely driven by the current massive anti-corruption campaign launched by President Xi since 2013.•Only firms potentially susceptible to expropriation benefit from the stronger anti-corruption efforts, supportive of the expropriation hypothesis.
This paper investigates the effect of anti-corruption on the financing of and investing in innovation by using a detailed data set of Chinese listed companies from 2009 to 2015. We find that stronger anti-corruption efforts make firms more likely to acquire external funds, mainly the long-term debt. Moreover, we show that firms located in provinces with stronger anti-corruption efforts invest significantly more of their newly acquired funds in R&D and generate more patents. Further empirical tests suggest this positive and statistically significant effect almost comes entirely from the current massive anti-corruption campaign launched by President Xi Jinping since 2013. We further test two mechanisms regarding the corruption-innovation nexus: the expropriation hypothesis and the rent-seeking hypothesis. The results show that only firms without political connections, non-state owned enterprises (non-SOEs), firms operating in non-regulated industries and younger firms benefit from the stronger anti-corruption efforts, all supportive of the former mechanism.
Recently, the emergence of conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has given great prospects for their applications as active materials in electronic devices. In this work, a high-quality, ...free-standing conductive MOF membrane was prepared by an air–liquid interfacial growth method. Accordingly, field-effect transistors (FETs) possessing a crystalline microporous MOF channel layer were successfully fabricated for the first time. The porous FETs exhibited p-type behavior, distinguishable on/off ratios, and excellent field-effect hole mobilities as high as 48.6 cm2 V–1 s–1, which is even comparable to the highest value reported for solution-processed organic or inorganic FETs.
In this paper, we apply FCM to data fusion and continuously iterate to create a data fusion model that achieves classification and fusion. The model has been improved to form the ARFCM data fusion ...model. Then, we select the evaluation indexes of urban tourism scenic spot management satisfaction and build the evaluation system of urban tourism scenic spot management satisfaction based on multiple data fusions. Finally, gender differences, age differences, importance, and other indicators of tourist satisfaction are selected to evaluate the management level of urban tourism scenic spots. The p-value of the t-test on staff service satisfaction is 0.008, the p-value of the t-test on scenic spot price satisfaction is 0.01, and the p-value of the t-test on scenic spot comprehensive service satisfaction is 0.03. This paper’s research provides strong support and a scientific basis for improving the management level of urban tourism scenic spots.
The North China Craton (NCC) was originally formed by the amalgamation of the eastern and western blocks along an orogenic belt at ∼1.9 Ga. After cratonization, the NCC was essentially stable until ...the Mesozoic, when intense felsic magmatism and related mineralization, deformation, pull-apart basins, and exhumation of the deep crust widely occurred, indicative of destruction or decratonization. Accompanying this destruction was significant removal of the cratonic keel and lithospheric transformation, whereby the thick (∼200 km) and refractory Archean lithosphere mantle was replaced by a thin (<80 km) juvenile one. The decratonization of the NCC was driven by flat slab subduction, followed by a rollback of the paleo-Pacific plate during the late Mesozoic. A global synthesis indicates that cratons are mainly destroyed by oceanic subduction, although mantle plumes might also trigger lithospheric thinning through thermal erosion. Widespread crust-derived felsic magmatism and large-scale ductile deformation can be regarded as petrological and structural indicators of craton destruction.
A craton, a kind of ancient continental block on Earth, was formed mostly in the early Precambrian (>1.8 Ga).
A craton is characterized by a rigid lithospheric root, which provides longevity and stability during its evolutionary history.
Some cratons, such as the North China Craton, can be destroyed by losing their stability, manifested by magmatism, deformation, earthquake, etc.
RLR-mediated type I IFN production plays a pivotal role in elevating host immunity for viral clearance and cancer immune surveillance. Here, we report that glycolysis, which is inactivated during RLR ...activation, serves as a barrier to impede type I IFN production upon RLR activation. RLR-triggered MAVS-RIG-I recognition hijacks hexokinase binding to MAVS, leading to the impairment of hexokinase mitochondria localization and activation. Lactate serves as a key metabolite responsible for glycolysis-mediated RLR signaling inhibition by directly binding to MAVS transmembrane (TM) domain and preventing MAVS aggregation. Notably, lactate restoration reverses increased IFN production caused by lactate deficiency. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that lactate reduction by lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) inactivation heightens type I IFN production to protect mice from viral infection. Our study establishes a critical role of glycolysis-derived lactate in limiting RLR signaling and identifies MAVS as a direct sensor of lactate, which functions to connect energy metabolism and innate immunity.
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•Lactate inhibits RLR-mediated interferon production•This regulation occurs through direct sensing of lactate by MAVS•MAVS associates with hexokinase, but this association is disrupted by RIG-I•Targeting LDHA enhances type I IFN production and viral clearance
Lactate acts as a regulator of the adaptor MAVS, allowing a cross-regulation between antiviral signaling and energy metabolism
Iridium(III) complexes are an important group of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). This work constructs a donor–acceptor–donor structure‐based iridium(III) complex (IrDAD) with high ...reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency, negligible dark toxicity, and synergistic PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) effect under near‐infrared (NIR) stimulation. This complex self‐assembles into metallosupramolecular aggregates with a unique aggregation‐induced PDT behavior. Compared with conventional iridium(III) photosensitizers, IrDAD not only achieves NIR light deep tissue penetration but also shows highly efficient ROS and heat generation with ROS quantum yield of 14.6% and photothermal conversion efficiency of 27.5%. After conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEG), IrDAD is formulated to a nanoparticulate system (IrDAD‐NPs) with good solubility. In cancer phototherapy, IrDAD‐NPs preferentially accumulate in tumor area and display a significant tumor inhibition in vivo, with 96% reduction in tumor volume, and even tumor elimination.
A donor‐acceptor‐donor structure‐based iridium(III) complex is synthesized for synergistic photodynamic and photothermal therapy of cancer. The complex can be triggered with 808 nm light, generate O2−• to relieve the oxygen‐dependence, and exbibit efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat generation with a ROS quantum yield of 14.6% and photothermal conversion efficiency of 27.5%.
The Early Permian magmatism in Tarim, NW China comprises diamondiferous kimberlites, lamprophyres, flood basalts, Fe–Ti oxide ore-bearing layered mafic–ultramafic intrusions, bi-modal dyke swarms, ...alkaline igneous complexes (including syenites and A-type granites), rhyolites and pyroclastic rocks. The extent of this intraplate magmatism exceeds 250,000km2, making it comparable to Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs). Screening of available radiometric ages reveals three main magmatic episodes in the Tarim LIP, with the first being marked by ~300Ma small-volume kimberlites, followed by two phases of bimodal magmatism at ~290Ma and at ~280Ma, respectively. This relatively long time interval of the Early Permian magmatism is consistent with a low eruption rate of the Tarim LIP and is supported by the intercalation of volcanic rocks with sediments in outcrops and drill holes. Although the spatial distribution of each magmatic episode in the Tarim LIP is far from assessed, it seems that the ~290Ma flood basalts are widespread across the province, whereas ~300Ma kimberlites and ~280Ma ultramafic–mafic–felsic intrusions and dyke swarms only occur in the Bachu Uplift and around the margins of the Tarim craton.
We propose that the ~300Ma kimberlites were derived from deep part of the metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), while the ~290Ma flood basalts were likely formed as a result of mixing of plume-derived melts with SCLM-derived melts (e.g., lamproitic melt) as they rose through the SCLM. In contrast, the ~280Ma magmas were most likely derived from the convecting mantle. A plume incubation model is proposed to account for the temporo-spatial distribution of the Tarim LIP, in which different styles of plume–lithosphere interaction are recognized. In the first two episodes, the mantle plume incubating the base of the craton provides the heat that triggered melting of the enriched components in the SCLM. In contrast, adiabatic decompression melting within the plume produced the ~280Ma magmatic phase. Thermal modeling suggests that lithospheric thinning by thermal erosion might have been associated with the upwelling mantle plume, with the greatest thinning occurring in the Bachu area. Thinned spots and weak zones at the margins of cratons and mobile belts caused preferential channeling of plume flow and subsequent decompression melting. This explains the localized distribution of ~280Ma magmas in the Tarim LIP.
•Spatial distribution of igneous rocks in the Tarim large igneous province•Three magmatic episodes possess distinct rock association and geochemistry.•Lithospheric thinning in association with thermal erosion by upwelling mantle•Plume–lithosphere interaction in the formation of the Tarim LIP
Three different conceptual models have been proposed for the Cenozoic subduction style in South Asia, including Greater India, Intra‐oceanic Arc, and Continental Terrane (or Greater Indian basin). ...Since these models imply distinctive origins for the Tethyan–Greater Himalayan (TGH) sequences, for example, as a relic of the subducted Greater India or Gondwana–affiliated continental terrane, quantitively reproducing the relic TGH crustal mass with numerical models could help further constrain the debated Cenozoic subduction history between India and Eurasia. Based on the modeling results, we show that the subducted plate since the Paleocene should consist of a significant oceanic portion that is, ∼1,000 km long for the Intra‐oceanic Arc model and up to 2,000 km long for the Terrane model. Our results do not support the existence of a continuous >3,000 km long continental Greater India before the early Eocene collision in South Asia.
Plain Language Summary
Approximately 55 million years ago, the Indian Subcontinent was in the Southern Hemisphere, >3,000 km away from Tibet. However, it remains unknown what tectonic units were between them. Previous studies suggest that this region was composed of either pure land or with parts being oceans. By now, this region has mostly foundered into the deep Earth, with its surface relics forming the Himalayan Mountains. Because land and ocean contribute differently to the relic materials, the mass of the Himalayan Mountain can provide essential information about this lost tectonic region. This study uses numerical models to replicate the relic Himalayan mass while evaluating the earlier proposed models. We found that to match the Himalayan mass, the region between Tibet and India ∼55 million years ago could not be purely continental and should include >1,000 km long oceanic plate.
Key Points
Different models of Cenozoic subduction history in South Asia imply distinctive origins for the Tethyan–Greater Himalayan sequences
Quantitively reproducing the Tethyan–Greater Himalayan mass helps constrain the Cenozoic subduction history in South Asia
Both the Intra‐oceanic Arc and Terrane models, but not the Greater India model, could have been operating during the Cenozoic subduction
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