•Reputation cue influenced both cognitive and affective trust towards reviewer.•Profile picture only affected affective trust towards reviewer.•Perceived social presence explained how profile picture ...influenced affective trust.•Bandwagon perception mediated the effect of reputation cue on review credibility.•Review valence moderated the effects of both reputation cue and profile picture.
For online consumer reviews to serve as decision-making aids, users have to first trust the reviewer. However, unlike face-to-face communication, where trust develops overtime, consumers have to rely on personal profile information to establish confidence in the reviewer in online shopping context. These personal profile characteristics may serve as cues of source credibility. This study adopts a 2 (number of trusted members: small, large)×2 (profile picture: without, with)×2 (review valence: negative, positive) between-participants experiment to explore how two personal profile characteristics, reputation cue and profile picture, influence cognitive trust and affective trust towards the reviewer and perceived review credibility respectively and in a combinatory manner. The findings of the study showed that reputation cue and profile picture cue contributed differently to users’ affective trust and cognitive trust towards the reviewer. Reputation cue, generated by the system, was found to influence both affective and cognitive dimensions of trust, whereas the self-generated cue of profile picture affected only affective trust. Reputation cue had a direct influence on perceived review credibility, whereas the influence of profile picture on perceived review credibility was dependent upon review valence. The implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.
The population density of rural areas is generally lower than before due to rapid industrialization. Spatial optimized reconstruction of rural settlements is the key to rural sustainable development. ...Analyzing the distribution characteristics of rural settlements and their impact has profound implications for rural reconstruction. Several types of spatial distribution of rural settlements, such as clustered, random, and uniform discrete distribution, were found in China with significant regional differences. Rural settlements were denser in the southeastern regions compared to the northwestern regions. In regions such as plains, the spatial distribution of rural settlements was denser and the spatial distribution modes were mainly random and disperse. In regions such as cold alpine areas and desert fringes, the rural settlements density was low and mainly clustered. In the transition zone between hills and mountains, the density of rural settlements was high and the spatial distribution mode was mainly random. Rural settlements distribution was influenced by traditions and the economy, with economic development becoming increasingly influential. Additional factors that affected rural settlements distribution included average distance to main roadway, agricultural machinery, per capita grain production, per capita arable land, population density, elevation, precipitation, etc. Multiple distribution patterns should be used to reconstruct rural spaces in different geographical areas. Typical patterns included radially balanced, central land distribution mode; radially imbalanced distribution mode; multicore central land distribution mode, and corridor balanced and imbalanced distribution modes.
•We examine the spatial distribution of rural settlements in China at counties and town scale.•Rural settlements were denser in southeastern regions than in northwestern regions in China.•Rural settlements distribution was influenced by tradition and the economy, with economic development becoming increasingly influential.•The typical patterns of village-town system for rural settlements optimizing reconstruction include four modes.
•The mental health problems of surgical staff during the COVID-19 epidemic are more serious, and the anxiety and depression are more obvious.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ...(SARS-CoV-2), which appeared in early December 2019, had an atypical viral pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei, China. And there is a high risk of global proliferation and impact. The sudden increase in confirmed cases has brought tremendous stress and anxiety to frontline surgical staff. The results showed that the anxiety and depression of surgical staff during the outbreak period were significantly higher and mental health problems appeared, so psychological interventions are essential.
A highly enantioselective catalytic system for exo‐Diels–Alder reactions was developed based on the newly discovered bispyrrolidine diboronates (BPDB). Activated by various Lewis or Brønsted acids, ...BPDB can catalyze highly stereoselective asymmetric exo‐Diels–Alder reactions of monocarbonyl‐based dienophiles. When 1,2‐dicarbonyl‐based dienophiles are used, the catalyst can sterically distinguish between the two binding sites, which leads to highly regioselective asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions. BPDB can be prepared as crystalline solids on a large scale and are stable under ambient condition. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of the structure for acid‐activated BPDB indicated that its activation involves cleavage of a labile B←N bond.
A new series of easily synthesized, air and moisture stable compounds called bispyrrolidine diboronates (BPDB) is reported. Under Lewis acid activation, they can catalyze highly exo‐selective and enantioselective Diels–Alder reactions. For diactivated dienophiles, BPDB can also selectively activate one of the two carbonyl groups based on steric effect, resulting in highly regioselective asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions.
Damage will appear in the wind-break wall under the effects of many factors. The wind-break wall may be destroyed when the damage is accumulated to some extent, which may cause accidents. To identify ...damage within the wind-break wall structure, the Wavelet Packet frequency bands energy ratio spectrum analysis of the virtual impulse response function of responses to the wind-break wall was performed under the effects of excitation. Based on the damage sensitivity analysis of subfrequency bands, a further updated Wavelet Packet frequency bands energy ratio spectrum was proposed. To reflect the damage information sensitively, the feature bands, which were more sensitive to damage, were selected via the threshold value ε0. Then, the Wavelet Packet damage feature vector and damage identification index, which can reflect damage information of the wind-break walls sensitively, were proposed. A damage identification method for wind-break walls was proposed. To verify the validity of this damage identification method, the vibration tests on a pile plate wind-break wall were performed. Damage within the wall was identified via the method. The tests results show that the damage feature vector is a zero vector and the value of damage index is zero, when the wind-break wall is not damaged. The damage feature vector is a nonzero vector and the value of damage index is positive, when the wind-break wall is damaged. Thus, the damage state of the wind-break wall can be detected via the damage feature vector and damage index. With increase of damage accumulated within the wall, the damage intensity and the value of the damage index increase. The quantitative relationship between the damage index and damage intensity is established. The damage intensity can be calculated reversely, when the damage index is available. Thus, the damage intensity of the wind-break wall can be identified via the quantitative relationship between the damage index and damage intensity. In addition, the damage index value of the measuring point, which is much closer to the partial damage, is much larger. The damage index value of the point, which is located at the partial damage, is the largest. Thus, the damage location of the wind-break wall can be diagnosed via the characteristics of damage index for different measurement points. Thus, the damage state, damage location, and damage intensity of the wind-break wall can be identified via this damage identification method.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great potential for tumor treatment with merits of non‐invasiveness, high selectivity, and minimal side effects. However, conventional type II PDT relying on 1O2 ...presents poor therapeutic efficacy for hypoxic tumors due to the oxygen‐dependent manner. Alternatively, emerging researches have demonstrated that type I PDT exhibits superiority over type II PDT in tumor treatment owing to its diminished oxygen‐dependence. In this review, state‐of‐the‐art studies concerning recent progress in type I photosensitizers are scrutinized, emphasizing the strategies to construct highly effective type I photosensitizers. As the foundation, basic principles of type I PDT are presented, and up‐to‐date type I photosensitizers are summarized and classified based on their attributes. Then, a literature review of representative type I photosensitizers (including nanomaterials and small molecules) is presented with impetus to delineate their novel designs, action mechanisms, as well as anticancer PDT applications. Finally, the remaining challenges and development directions of type I photosensitizers are outlined, highlighting key scientific issues toward clinical translations.
Type I photosensitizers exhibit superiority over conventional type II photosensitizers in tumor photodynamic treatment owing to their diminished oxygen‐dependence. Herein, state‐of‐the‐art studies concerning recent progress in type I photosensitizers are scrutinized and discussed. It is hoped that this review will inspire more efforts to explore new type I photosensitizers with clinical potentials for hypoxic‐tumor treatment.
Highlights
Recent advances in biomedical applications of metal–organic framework (MOF) nanocarriers for drug delivery are summarized.
State-of-the-art strategies to functionalize MOFs with ...therapeutic agents, as well as their merits and drawbacks, are comprehensively discussed.
Investigation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for biomedical applications has attracted much attention in recent years. MOFs are regarded as a promising class of nanocarriers for drug delivery owing to well-defined structure, ultrahigh surface area and porosity, tunable pore size, and easy chemical functionalization. In this review, the unique properties of MOFs and their advantages as nanocarriers for drug delivery in biomedical applications were discussed in the first section. Then, state-of-the-art strategies to functionalize MOFs with therapeutic agents were summarized, including surface adsorption, pore encapsulation, covalent binding, and functional molecules as building blocks. In the third section, the most recent biological applications of MOFs for intracellular delivery of drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids, especially aptamers, were presented. Finally, challenges and prospects were comprehensively discussed to provide context for future development of MOFs as efficient drug delivery systems.
To identify the damage within retaining wall structures, the Hilbert–Huang Transforms of the impulse response function and virtual impulse response function were performed. The Hilbert marginal ...energy ratio spectrums of the impulse response function and virtual impulse response function were acquired. To reflect damage information effectively, those bands with stronger damage sensitivity were extracted via the threshold value ε0. Then, the Hilbert feature bands, which were more sensitive to damage within retaining walls, were selected by considering the contribution of the residual band to the damage identification. Based on the feature bands, the Hilbert damage feature vector, which reflects the variations of Hilbert marginal energy ratio caused by damage, was created. Based on the damage feature vector, two damage identification indexes (the energy ration standard deviation and Energy Ration Standard Deviation), which were based on the impulse response function and virtual impulse response function, respectively, were proposed to identify damage within retaining walls. To investigate the validity of the damage indexes, vibration tests on a pile plate retaining wall were done. The test results show that the damage feature vector is a zero vector or the value of damage index is zero when the wall is undamaged. The damage feature vector is a nonzero vector or the value of the damage index is more than zero when the wall is damaged. Thus, the damage state of the wall can be detected sensitively via the damage feature vector or damage indexes. Partial damage causes greater fluctuation of trend surface of the damage index. The location of partial damage can be diagnosed validly via the coordinate of peak value in the trend surface. The quantitative relationship formula between the damage index and damage intensity is established. The damage intensity of the wall can be calculated reversely, when the damage index is available. Either the energy ration standard deviation or Energy Ration Standard Deviation can be used to detect the damage state, diagnose the damage location, and identify the damage intensity. In comparison with the energy ration standard deviation, the stability and damage sensitivity of the Energy Ration Standard Deviation is much better.
State capitalism and the liberal economic order have had an antagonistic relationship. While the international economic law rules have sought to reduce the role of the state in the economy, ...state-controlled entities have more recently increased in size and importance – both domestically, as well as internationally. In this connection, the article analyses the effects of state capitalism's expansion simultaneously with the domestic investment law of States. The article analyses the underlying principles of state capitalism in an effort to answer the question of whether domestic laws promoting investment – as defined in the special issue – are positive, negative, or neutral to state capitalists. The article further interprets the trends spawned by the propagation of the liberal international economic order as states realize their development targets and envisage to actively contribute to the regulation of international trade and cross-border transactions globally.
According to the World Economic Forum, for every 10% increase in a country’s digitalization, the country’s GDP per capita grows by 0.5%~0.62%, and the potential of the digital economy cannot be ...ignored. Based on the inter-provincial panel data of China from 2010 to 2020, this paper constructs a mediating effects model to analyze the path of the digital economy affecting foreign trade through human capital and industrial upgrading, and then explores the impact of human capital and industrial economy on foreign trade in different geographical conditions from a geographical perspective. It is found that there is a significant mediating effect of human capital and industrial upgrading in the process of digital economy’s influence on foreign trade development, and this effect is regionally heterogeneous, playing a better role in the eastern coastal region than the central and western regions. In order to narrow the regional gap, a balanced layout of educational resources is realized to improve the human capital level in the central and western regions, and a mechanism of industrial synergy development in the central and western regions is established.
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