This brief presents a new control framework of electric power steering (EPS) systems for ground vehicles based on admittance control. An impedance filter is used to define the desired admittance of ...the system under the torsion bar (T-bar), and a position tracking control loop is used to enforce its apparent admittance. A road feedback path implemented with a road feedback filter provides the driver with awareness of road conditions with selected frequency components and magnitudes. In this new control framework, the base admittance of the system under the T-bar, which determines the base steering feel, can be configured independently from the closed position control loop; such separation of the closed-loop control design and steering feel configuration can potentially reduce the overall system tuning and calibration time. Common EPS characteristics are related to the design parameters of the new control framework. Numerical cosimulations, including an EPS system model and a vehicle model under different road conditions and maneuvers, show that the base steering feel matches the designed steering feel, and the system has good road disturbance rejection. With the road feedback filter, the base steering feel is augmented and the road condition awareness is improved.
Little is known about the changes in soil microbial phosphorus (P) cycling potential during terrestrial ecosystem management and restoration, although much research aims to enhance soil P cycling. ...Here, we used metagenomic sequencing to analyse 18 soil microbial communities at a P-deficient degraded mine site in southern China where ecological restoration was implemented using two soil ameliorants and eight plant species. Our results show that the relative abundances of key genes governing soil microbial P-cycling potential were higher at the restored site than at the unrestored site, indicating enhancement of soil P cycling following restoration. The gcd gene, encoding an enzyme that mediates inorganic P solubilization, was predominant across soil samples and was a major determinant of bioavailable soil P. We reconstructed 39 near-complete bacterial genomes harboring gcd, which represented diverse novel phosphate-solubilizing microbial taxa. Strong correlations were found between the relative abundance of these genomes and bioavailable soil P, suggesting their contributions to the enhancement of soil P cycling. Moreover, 84 mobile genetic elements were detected in the scaffolds containing gcd in the 39 genomes, providing evidence for the role of phage-related horizontal gene transfer in assisting soil microbes to acquire new metabolic potential related to P cycling.
Traditional monitoring algorithms use the normal data for modeling, which are universal for different types of faults. However, these algorithms may perform poorly sometimes because of the lack of ...fault information. In order to further increase the fault detection rate while preserving the universality of the algorithm, a novel dynamic weight principal component analysis (DWPCA) algorithm and a hierarchical monitoring strategy are proposed. In the first layer, the dynamic PCA is used for fault detection and diagnosis, if no fault is detected, the following DWPCA-based second layer monitoring will be triggered. In the second layer, the principal components (PCs) are weighted according to its ability in distinguishing between the normal and fault conditions, then the PCs which own larger weight are selected to construct the monitoring model. Compared to the DPCA method, the proposed DWPCA algorithm establishes the monitoring model by combining the information of fault. Afterward, the DWPCA-based variable relative contribution and a novel control limit for the variable relative contribution are presented for the fault diagnosis. Finally, the superiority of the proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical case and the Tennessee Eastman process.
The viable use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer therapy has never been fully realized because of its undesirable effects on healthy tissues. Herein we summarize some physicochemical factors ...that can make PDT a more viable and effective option to provide future oncological patients with better‐quality treatment options. These physicochemical factors include light sources, photosensitizer (PS) carriers, microwaves, electric fields, magnetic fields, and ultrasound. This Review is meant to provide current information pertaining to PDT use, including a discussion of in vitro and in vivo studies. Emphasis is placed on the physicochemical factors and their potential benefits in overcoming the difficulty in transitioning PDT into the medical field. Many advanced techniques, such as employing X‐rays as a light source, using nanoparticle‐loaded stem cells and bacteriophage bio‐nanowires as a photosensitizer carrier, as well as integration with immunotherapy, are among the future directions.
Physical and chemical factors that could enhance the efficacy of photodynamic cancer therapy, such as light sources, photosensitizer carriers, microwaves, electric fields, magnetic fields, and ultrasound, are reviewed and analyzed. Future directions on the use of new light sources, development of novel photosensitizer carriers, and integration of immunotherapy are emphasized.
A substrate integrated waveguide with square complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) etched on the waveguide surface is investigated in this paper. The proposed structures allow the ...implementation of a forward-wave passband propagating below the characteristic cutoff frequency of the waveguide. By changing the orientations of the CSRRs, which are incorporated in the waveguide surface and can be interpreted in terms of electric dipoles, varied passband characteristics are observed. A detailed explanation for the generation and variations of the passbands has been illuminated. The application of this waveguide and CSRR combination technique to the design of miniaturized waveguide bandpass filters characterized by transmission zeros is then illustrated. Filter design methodology is examined. These proposed filters exhibit high selectivity and compact size due to the employment of the subwavelength resonators and an evanescent-wave transmission. By slightly altering the configuration of the CSRRs, we find that the propagation of the TE 10 mode can be suppressed and filters with improved selectivity and stopband rejection can be obtained. To verify the presented concept, three different types of filters are fabricated based on the standard printed circuit board process. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulation.
We study a downlink distributed MIMO system where a central unit (CU) broadcasts messages to K' users through K distributed BSs. The CU is connected to the BSs via K independent rate-constrained ...fronthaul (FH) links. The distributed BSs collectively serve the users through the air. We propose a new network coding based distributed MIMO broadcasting scheme, using reverse compute-and-forward and signal-space alignment. At the CU, a network coding generator matrix is employed for pre network coding of the users' messages. The network coded messages are forwarded to the BSs, where the FH rate-constraint determines the actual number of network-coded messages forwarded to the BSs. At the BSs, linear precoding matrices are designed to create a number of bins, each containing a bunch of spatial streams with aligned signal-spaces. At each user, post physical-layer network coding is employed to compute linear combinations over the NC messages with respect to the bins, which reverses the prenetwork coding and recovers the desired messages. We derive an achievable rate of the proposed scheme based on the existence of NC generator matrix, signal-space alignment precoding matrices, and nested lattice codes. Improved rate and degrees of freedom over existing interference alignment and compress-and-forward schemes are shown. Numerical results demonstrate the performance improvement, e.g., by as much as 70% increase in throughput over benchmark schemes.
This study presents a petrogeochemical and boron isotope study on tourmaline from the barren Damai, and the contemporaneous but ore-bearing Dewulu and Meiwu intrusions, to better understand the ...origins, sources, and fluid evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal ore systems and provide ore formation implications for gold, copper, and iron deposits in the Xiahe-Hezuo polymetallic district in the West Qinling, China. Tourmaline from all three intrusions shows similar compositions and encompasses Na-Fe schorl and Na-Mg dravite. Tourmaline at Dewulu is primarily found in tuffaceous breccias and a quartz diorite porphyry. In the tuffaceous breccia body, tourmaline occurs as fine-grained anhedral masses that fill voids and cement fragments of breccia and sickle quartz. Tourmalines in breccia are texturally similar to those formed in typical breccia pipes, which are attributed to explosion or collapse induced by a transition from magmatic to hydrothermal Si- and B-rich fluids. They display element substitutions controlled by Fe2+Mg-1, indicating a reduced environment. Values of δ11B are -6.6 to -4.0 ppm, representing the primary magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. Tourmaline from the Dewulu quartz diorite porphyry is coarse-grained, euhedral, and found in quartz-sulfide veins. The tourmaline displays oscillatory zoning textures but lacks correlative variations of major elements. The Fe2+Mg-1 and Fe3+Al-1 substitution mechanisms are dominant, demonstrating more oxidized fluids. The δ11B values in the cores, ranging from -7.1 to -5.6 ppm, suggest that the tourmalines in the quartz veins were inherited from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids that precipitated the fine-grained tourmaline in the tuffaceous breccia body. A large δ11B isotopic fractionation that decreases from cores (-5.6 ppm) to rims (-10.7 ppm) indicates significant fractionation during degassing occurred, increasing oxygen fugacity of the residual liquid. The Meiwu locality hosts fine-grained euhedral tourmalines coexisting with magnetite. Their composition is controlled by substitution between Al3+ by Fe3+ and has the lightest δ11B values ranging from -11.4 to -10.0 ppm. They are interpreted to result from skarn formation under oxidized conditions. In contrast, X∎Al(NaMg)-1 is the dominant substitution mechanism for Damai tourmalines and attributed to (geochemically) reduced fluids with a low salinity. We conclude that tourmalines with low Fe values, substitution mechanisms dominated by Fe3+Al-1, and large shifts of B isotopic composition are potentially an ore-forming indicator in the Xiahe-Hezuo polymetallic district.
EVCE computing is an attractive network paradigm involving seamless connections among heterogeneous vehicular contexts. It will be a trend along with EVs becoming popular in V2X. The EVs act as ...potential resource infrastructures referring to both information and energy interactions, and there are serious security challenges for such hybrid cloud and edge computing. Context-aware vehicular applications are identified according to the perspectives of information and energy interactions. Blockchain-inspired data coins and energy coins are proposed based on distributed consensus, in which data contribution frequency and energy contribution amount are applied to achieve the proof of work. Security solutions are presented for securing vehicular interactions in EVCE computing.
•A novel Cu-MOF was synthesized via the reaction between Cu2O and H2BDC.•AuNPs decorated Cu-MOF (Cu-MOF/Au) displayed synergetic catalytic effect.•Cu-MOF/Au showed excellent performance for ...electrochemical detection of nitrite.•The sensing platform can be used for the actual detection of nitrite in environment.
Herein, an electrochemical sensing platform based on Cu-based metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is constructed for the sensitive detection of nitrite. Cu-MOF was synthesized by a simple wet chemical synthesis at room temperature. AuNPs were electrodeposited on Cu-MOF modified glass carbon electrode (Cu-MOF/GCE) using potentiostatic method. The AuNPs decorated Cu-MOF (Cu-MOF/Au) displays synergetic catalytic effect for the oxidation of nitrite due to the large surface area and porosity of Cu-MOF, which could prevent the aggregation of AuNPs and increase the adsorption of nitrite, combining with the high conductivity and excellent catalytic activity of AuNPs. A nitrite sensing platform was constructed based on Cu-MOF/Au/GCE, and amperometric technique was adopted for quantitative determination of nitrite. The prepared electrochemical sensing platform demonstrates high sensitivity, selectivity and good stability for the detection of nitrite. It shows two wide linear ranges of 0.1–4000 and 4000–10000 μM, and the low detection limit of 82 nM. Moreover, the sensing platform can also be used for the nitrite detection in real samples. This work would broaden the application of MOFs material in constructing more novel electrochemical sensing platforms.
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