This paper presents a generalized registration form for systematic reviews that can be used when currently available forms are not adequate. The form is designed to be applicable across disciplines ...(i.e., psychology, economics, law, physics, or any other field) and across review types (i.e., scoping review, review of qualitative studies, meta-analysis, or any other type of review). That means that the reviewed records may include research reports as well as archive documents, case law, books, poems, etc. Items were selected and formulated to optimize broad applicability instead of specificity, forgoing some benefits afforded by a tighter focus. This PRISMA 2020 compliant form is a fallback for more specialized forms and can be used if no specialized form or registration platform is available. When accessing this form on the Open Science Framework website, users will therefore first be guided to specialized forms when they exist. In addition to this use case, the form can also serve as a starting point for creating registration forms that cater to specific fields or review types.
Abstract
Bias Blind Spot (BBS) is the phenomenon that people tend to perceive themselves as less susceptible to biases than others. In three pre-registered experiments (overall N = 969), we ...replicated two experiments of the first demonstration of the phenomenon by Pronin et al. (2002). We found support of the BBS hypotheses, with effects in line with findings in the original study: Participants rated themselves as less susceptible to biases than others (
d
= –1.00 –1.33, –0.67). Deviating from the original, we found an unexpected effect that participants rated themselves as having fewer shortcomings (
d
= –0.34 –0.46, –0.23), though there was support for the target’s main premise that BBS was stronger for biases than for shortcomings (
d
= –0.43 –0.56, –0.29). Extending the replications, we found that beliefs in own free will were positively associated with BBS (r ∼ 0.17–0.22) and that beliefs in both own and general free will were positively associated with self-other asymmetry related to personal shortcomings (
r
∼ 0.16–0.24). Materials, datasets, and code are available on https://osf.io/3df5s/.
Omission bias is people’s tendency to evaluate harm done through omission as less morally wrong and less blameworthy than commission when there is harm. However, findings are inconsistent. We ...conducted a preregistered meta-analysis, with 21 samples (13 articles, 49 effects) on omission-commission asymmetries in judgments and decisions. We found an overall effect of g = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.14, 0.77, with stronger effects for morality and blame than for decisions. Publication bias tests produced mixed results with some indication for publication bias, though effects persisted even after most publication bias adjustments. The small sample of studies included limited our ability to draw definite conclusions regarding moderators, with inconclusive findings when applying different models. After compensating for low power, we found indication for moderation by role responsibility, perspective (self vs. others), outcome type, and study design. We hope this meta-analysis will inspire research on this phenomenon and applications to real-life, especially given the raging pandemic. Materials, data, and code are available on https://osf.io/9fcqm/.
Purpose
This paper aims to compare the learning outcomes of gaming simulation and guided inquiry in sustainability education on plastic waste management. The current study targets the identification ...of success factors in these teaching approaches.
Design/methodology/approach
This study used a quasi-experimental design with undergraduate participants who were randomly assigned to an eight-hour sustainability education class using either gaming simulation or guided inquiry. Pre- and post-tests on students’ knowledge, attitudes and intended behavior were conducted, followed by individual interviews to provide more detailed reflections on the teaching approach to which they were assigned.
Findings
In terms of knowledge acquisition and behavioral changes, the quantitative results suggested that the pre-/post-test in-group differences were significant in both groups. More importantly, a significant positive attitudinal change was observed in the gaming simulation group only. In the interviews, participants attributed effective knowledge acquisition to active learning element in class, while the characterization of cognitive dissonance triggered in the gaming simulation induced subsequent affective changes.
Practical implications
Activities in this program can be applied or modified to accommodate differences in other similar programs. The findings can also provide indicators to designs of similar programs in the future.
Originality/value
This paper explores plausible factors (ideology and implementation) that contribute to successful sustainability education programs. Through comparison between gaming simulation and guided inquiry, elements for effective education for sustainable development learning in the pedagogical designs are discussed.
The temporal pattern of regret is the phenomenon that people perceive or experience stronger regret over action compared to inaction in the short-term, yet stronger regret over inaction compared to ...action in the long term. Following mixed and null findings in the literature, we conducted replications and extension of Studies 1, 3, 4, and 5 in the classic Gilovich and Medvec (1994) which first demonstrated this phenomenon, with a single combined data collection in randomized display order with an online sample of Americans on MTurk (N = 988). We found support for the original findings using different designs in Studies 1, 3, and 4, yet with weaker effects. We failed to find support for such a pattern in Study 5. We discuss possible interpretations for these differences: our replication adjustments, the change in the meaning of action and inaction, or change in hypothetical versus real-life personal experiences. Extending the replications, we found support for stronger responsibility for action compared to inaction both in the short-term and the long-term. We conclude overall support for the effects, yet with follow-up work necessary to resolve the inconsistencies in the findings of the Study 5 replication. Pre-registration, materials, data, and code were made available on: https://osf.io/7m3q2/
Kruger, Wirtz, van Boven, and Altermatt (2004) described the effort heuristic as the tendency to evaluate the quality and the monetary value of an object as higher if the production of that object ...was perceived as involving more effort. We attempted two preregistered replications (total N = 1405; U.S. American participants from MTurk and Prolific) of their Experiments 1 and 2. Our first replication using an MTurk sample found support for the original's findings regarding Experiment 2, yet failed to find support for the original's findings in Experiment 1. Our second revised attempt of Experiment 1 on Prolific was mixed, with more nuanced findings, showing support for an effort heuristic effect for liking/quality and no support for an effort heuristic on monetary value. We discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy, theoretical implications and future research directions for the psychology of value and the effort heuristic. All materials, data, and code were made available on https://osf.io/qxf5c/.
Is it better to save 4500 lives out of 11,000 or 4500 lives out of 250,000? Fetherstonhaugh et al. (1997) showed that people prefer the former: to save lives if they are a higher proportion of the ...total, a phenomenon they termed “psychophysical numbing”. We attempted to replicate Studies 1 and 2 of Fetherstonhaugh et al. (1997) (5 data collections, total N = 4799, MTurk and Prolific, USA and UK), and added several extensions (e.g., donation amounts, procedural differences, and individual-level ideology and knowledge). We found mixed support, with two successful replications of Study 2 that indeed showed psychophysical numbing (original: η2p = 0.55, 90% CI 0.45, 0.62, Study 2a: η2p = 0.62, 90% CI 0.58, 0.66, Study 2b: η2p = 0.24, 90% CI 0.21, 0.27, all in same direction), yet also three unsuccessful replications of Study 1 showing instead an opposite psychophysical sensitization, a preference for saving a smaller proportion of lives (original effect size: η2p = 0.14, 90% CI 0.02, 0.28, replications: Study 1a: η2p = 0.06, 90% CI 0.02, 0.10, Study 1b: η2p = 0.21, 90% CI 0.17, 0.26; Study 1c: η2p = 0.13, 90% CI 0.08, 0.17, all in the opposite direction). We discuss theoretical implications and potential drivers of psychophysical numbing and sensitization, including evaluation mode, comparison procedure, ideology, knowledge, and prioritizing of one's own country, and practical implications for research on perceptions of charity, aid effectiveness, and donations. Materials, preregistrations, data, and analyses are available at https://osf.io/786jg/.
Abstract The emergence of large-scale replication projects yielding successful rates substantially lower than expected caused the behavioural, cognitive, and social sciences to experience a so-called ...‘replication crisis’. In this Perspective, we reframe this ‘crisis’ through the lens of a credibility revolution, focusing on positive structural, procedural and community-driven changes. Second, we outline a path to expand ongoing advances and improvements. The credibility revolution has been an impetus to several substantive changes which will have a positive, long-term impact on our research environment.
Bias Blind Spot (BBS) is the phenomenon that people tend to perceive themselves as less susceptible to biases than others. In three pre-registered experiments (overall N = 969), we replicated two ...experiments of the first demonstration of the phenomenon by Pronin et al. (2002). We found support of the BBS hypotheses, with effects in line with findings in the original study: Participants rated themselves as less susceptible to biases than others (d = -1.00 -1.33, -0.67). Deviating from the original, we found an unexpected effect that participants rated themselves as having fewer shortcomings (d = -0.34 -0.46, -0.23), though there was support for the target's main premise that BBS was stronger for biases than for shortcomings (d = -0.43 -0.56, -0.29). Extending the replications, we found that beliefs in own free will were positively associated with BBS (r ~ 0.17–0.22) and that beliefs in both own and general free will were positively associated with self-other asymmetry related to personal shortcomings (r ~ 0.16–0.24). Materials, datasets, and code are available on https://osf.io/3df5s/.
