Learning an efficient projection to map high-dimensional data into a lower dimensional space is a rather challenging task in the community of pattern recognition and computer vision. Manifold ...learning is widely applied because it can disclose the intrinsic geometric structure of data. However, it only concerns the geometric structure and may lose its effectiveness in case of corrupted data. To address this challenge, we propose a novel dimensionality reduction method by combining the manifold learning and low-rank sparse representation, termed low-rank sparse preserving projections (LSPP), which can simultaneously preserve the intrinsic geometric structure and learn a robust representation to reduce the negative effects of corruptions. Therefore, LSPP is advantageous to extract robust features. Because the formulated LSPP problem has no closed-form solution, we use the linearized alternating direction method with adaptive penalty and eigen-decomposition to obtain the optimal projection. The convergence of LSPP is proven, and we also analyze its complexity. To validate the effectiveness and robustness of LSPP in feature extraction and dimensionality reduction, we make a critical comparison between LSPP and a series of related dimensionality reduction methods. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of LSPP.
Food allergy now affects 6%-8% of children in the Western world; despite this, we understand little about why certain people become sensitized to food allergens. The dominant form of food allergy is ...mediated by food-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which can cause a variety of symptoms, including life-threatening anaphylaxis. A central step in this immune response to food antigens that differentiates tolerance from allergy is the initial priming of T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), primarily different types of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs, along with monocyte and macrophage populations, dictate oral tolerance versus allergy by shaping the T cell and subsequent B cell antibody response. A growing body of literature has shed light on the conditions under which antigen presentation occurs and how different types of T cell responses are induced by different APCs. We will review APC subsets in the gut and discuss mechanisms of APC-induced oral tolerance versus allergy to food identified using mouse models and patient samples.
In the development of modern intelligent Ubiquitous Electric Internet of Things (UE-IoT), infrared thermal imaging always plays an important role in automated early-warning detection of developing ...failures of critical assets such as transformers, disconnects and capacity banks in electrical power substation non-intrusively. However, the low resolution and contrast of infrared images hinder the subsequent analysis and recognition of fault points. In contrast, visible images present abundant texture details of the equipment without thermal information. In order to assist the detection of fault points, this paper proposes a Generative adversarial networks (GAN) based infrared and visible image fusion method to produce a composite image with enhanced edges and better quality. The edge loss function is added to represent the perceptual edges. In the discriminator, the proposed method improves the texture similarity between fusion image and visible image by minimizing the Wasserstein distance in VGG (Visual Geometry Group network) feature space. The experimental results show that the fault regions become more salient and the details are enhanced. In this way, it can facilitate the detection of fault points both reliably and accurately.
Background:
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a kind of solid tumor with high heterogeneity at tumor microenvironment (TME), genome and transcriptome level. In view of the regulatory effect of metabolism on TME, ...this study was based on four metabolic models to explore the intertumoral heterogeneity of OS at the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) level and the intratumoral heterogeneity of OS at the bulk RNA-seq and single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) level.
Methods:
The GSVA package was used for single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) analysis to obtain a glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and glutaminolysis gene sets score. ConsensusClusterPlus was employed to cluster OS samples downloaded from the Target database. The scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data of immune cells from GSE162454 dataset were analyzed to identify the subsets and types of immune cells in OS. Malignant cells and non-malignant cells were distinguished by large-scale chromosomal copy number variation. The correlations of metabolic molecular subtypes and immune cell types with four metabolic patterns, hypoxia and angiogenesis were determined by Pearson correlation analysis.
Results:
Two metabolism-related molecular subtypes of OS, cluster 1 and cluster 2, were identified. Cluster 2 was associated with poor prognosis of OS, active glycolysis, FAO, glutaminolysis, and bad TME. The identified 28608 immune cells were divided into 15 separate clusters covering 6 types of immune cells. The enrichment scores of 5 kinds of immune cells in cluster-1 and cluster-2 were significantly different. And five kinds of immune cells were significantly correlated with four metabolic modes, hypoxia and angiogenesis. Of the 28,608 immune cells, 7617 were malignant cells. The four metabolic patterns of malignant cells were significantly positively correlated with hypoxia and negatively correlated with angiogenesis.
Conclusion:
We used RNA-seq to reveal two molecular subtypes of OS with prognosis, metabolic pattern and TME, and determined the composition and metabolic heterogeneity of immune cells in OS tumor by bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq.
As the predominant complication in preterm infants, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) necessitates accurate identification of infants at risk and expedited therapeutic interventions for an improved ...prognosis. This study evaluates the potential of Monosaccharide Composite (MC) enriched with environmental information from circulating glycans as a diagnostic biomarker for early-onset BPD, and, concurrently, appraises BPD risk in premature neonates.
The study incorporated 234 neonates of ≤32 weeks gestational age. Clinical data and serum samples, collected one week post-birth, were meticulously assessed. The quantification of serum-free monosaccharides and their degraded counterparts was accomplished via High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Logistic regression analysis facilitated the construction of models for early BPD diagnosis. The diagnostic potential of various monosaccharides for BPD was determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, integrating clinical data for enhanced diagnostic precision, and evaluated by the Area Under the Curve (AUC).
Among the 234 neonates deemed eligible, BPD development was noted in 68 (29.06%), with 70.59% mild (48/68) and 29.41% moderate-severe (20/68) cases. Multivariate analysis delineated several significant risk factors for BPD, including gestational age, birth weight, duration of both invasive mechanical and non-invasive ventilation, Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), pregnancy-induced hypertension, and concentrations of two free monosaccharides (Glc-F and Man-F) and five degraded monosaccharides (Fuc-D, GalN-D, Glc-D, and Man-D). Notably, the concentrations of Glc-D and Fuc-D in the moderate-to-severe BPD group were significantly diminished relative to the mild BPD group. A potent predictive capability for BPD development was exhibited by the conjunction of gestational age and Fuc-D, with an AUC of 0.96.
A predictive model harnessing the power of gestational age and Fuc-D demonstrates promising efficacy in foretelling BPD development with high sensitivity (95.0%) and specificity (94.81%), potentially enabling timely intervention and improved neonatal outcomes.
Pompe disease is a rare autosomal recessive disease. Acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency leads to glycogen storage in lysosomes, causing skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle lesions. Pompe ...disease is progressive, and its severity depends on the age of onset. Classic infantile Pompe disease, the most severe form, is characterized by an age of onset before 12 months. Pompe disease with intrauterine onset has rarely been reported.
The proband was born at a gestational age of 40 weeks and 3 days and admitted to our hospital because of intrauterine cardiac hypertrophy, shortness of breath, and cyanosis until 13 min postnatally. Physical examination at admission revealed poor responsiveness, pale skin, shortness of breath, reduced limb muscle tone, and bilateral pedal edema. The heart sounds were weak, and no heart murmur was heard. Echocardiography showed left (9 mm) and right (5 mm) ventricular hypertrophies. The patient was subjected to non-invasive ventilator-assisted respiration, fluid restriction, diuresis, and metoprolol treatment. Infantile Pompe disease was diagnosed on day 16 with a GAA enzymatic activity of 0.31 µmol/L/h and with the full-penetrance genetic test showing the homozygous gene mutation c.1844G>T(p.Gly615Val). Enzyme replacement therapy was refused by the patient's parents, and the patient died at seven months of age from cardiopulmonary failure.
Infants with intrauterine-onset Pompe disease usually have early manifestations of heart disease. Prompt GAA enzymatic activity determination and molecular genetic testing are helpful in aiding the parents' decision and planning the treatment.
X-linked intellectual developmental disorder is a rare X-linked genetic disease, manifested as heart disease, intellectual impairment, and developmental disorders.
We report a male infant who ...presented with dyspnea after birth. Physical examination on admission revealed poor responsiveness, deep eye sockets, a small mandible, abnormalities of the outer ears, and reduced limb muscle tone. The child was moaning with shortness of breath and a positive three-concave sign without pulmonary rales. The heart sounds were weak with a grade 2/6 diastolic heart murmur. Echocardiography showed an enlarged heart with increased trabeculae in the left ventricular muscle wall. X-linked mental retardation syndrome type 34(MRXS34, OMIM# 300967) was diagnosed after exome sequencing showed a c.1131G > A hemizygous variant in the NONO gene. After timely therapy including respiratory support, cardiac glycosides, and diuresis, the child's condition improved and he was discharged at one month of age.
A literature review showed that, to date, 22 live births with X-linked mental retardation have been reported. The NONO-related phenotype can be summarized as a neurological and cardiac developmental disorder, which may be accompanied by multisystem malformations. The present case enriches the knowledge of X-linked intellectual developmental syndromes.
Entero virus 71 （EV71） causes hand, foot, and mouth disease （HFMD） and occasionally leads to severe neurological complications and even death. Scavenger receptor class B member 2 （SCARB2） is a ...functional receptor for EV71, that mediates viral attachment, internalization, and uncoating. However, the exact binding site of EV71 on SCARB2 is unknown. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody （mAb） that binds to human but not mouse SCARB2. It is named JL2, and it can effectively inhibit EV71 infection of target cells. Using a set of chimeras of human and mouse SCARB2, we identified that the region containing residues 77-113 of human SCARB2 contributes significantly to JL2 binding. The structure of the SCARB2-JL2 complex revealed that JL2 binds to the apical region of SCARB2 involving a-helices 2, 5, and 14. Our results provide new insights into the potential binding sites for EV71 on SCARB2 and the molecular mechanism of EV71 entry.
Objective This study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants one month after birth. Methods ...Preterm infants (gestational age <32 weeks) admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from 2017 to 2022 were divided into ROP and non-ROP groups based on ROP occurrence any stage. Serum 25(OH)D levels and clinical data were compared between the two groups at 1 month after birth, and the relationship between vitamin D levels and ROP was analyzed. Results Among the 217 premature infants included, 55 (25.35%) were in the ROP group, and 162 (74.65%) were in the non-ROP group. The ROP group had lower gestational age and birth weight, longer invasive ventilation (IV), non-invasive ventilation (NIV), and oxygen therapy times compared to the non-ROP group. Apgar scores, cesarean delivery, and antenatal steroids ratios were lower in the ROP group, while sepsis and pulmonary surfactant utilization ratios were higher (all p < 0.05). Significant differences in serum 25-(OH)D levels were observed among children in the non-ROP group (14.20 ± 5.07 ng/ml), ROP treated group (7.891 ± 1.878 ng/ml), and untreated group (12.168 ± 4.354 ng/ml) ( p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis identified antenatal steroids as protective factors and lower birth weight, serum 25-(OH)D levels, long-term invasive mechanical ventilation, and sepsis as independent risk factors for ROP in premature infants. Conclusion Vitamin D, lower birth weight, long-term invasive mechanical ventilation, and sepsis were associated with incidence of ROP in preterm infants. Vitamin D was associated with the severity of ROP, emphasizing the importance of prudent vitamin D supplementation and regular monitoring of serum 25-(OH)D levels.
Dendritic Cell Regulation of T Helper Cells Yin, Xiangyun; Chen, Shuting; Eisenbarth, Stephanie C
Annual review of immunology,
04/2021, Volume:
39, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can induce both immune ...activation and immune tolerance according to the peripheral cues. Recent work has established that DCs comprise several phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subsets that differentially regulate T lymphocyte differentiation. This review summarizes both mouse and human DC subset phenotypes, development, diversification, and function. We focus on advances in our understanding of how different DC subsets regulate distinct CD4
+
T helper (Th) cell differentiation outcomes, including Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper, and T regulatory cells. We review DC subset intrinsic properties, local tissue microenvironments, and other immune cells that together determine Th cell differentiation during homeostasis and inflammation.
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