Music is a product of human conscious activity, which, as a special form of artistic expression, can directly hit the psyche and trigger people’s strong emotional experiences. In this study, the ...continuity of pitch significance is first utilized to represent the musical melody and the feature extraction of polyphonic musical melody is carried out based on harmonic peak and harmonic sum functions. Based on this basis, the features of the extracted musical melody are recognized by combining convolutional neural networks. In addition, the study also constructs an emotion evocation model based on musical melody, and empirically demonstrates the relationship between musical melody and emotion evocation using statistical analysis. The p-values of different music melodies and different music preferences are all less than 0.05. According to the difference analysis, sad emotions have an arousal rate of 90%, which makes them the easiest to induce and arouse. The p-value for the three factors between musical melody, gender, and professional background was less than 0.05, and the interaction was significant. Music melody, gender, and professional background of emotion evocation have a considerable difference. The influence of emotion evocation has a significant effect. While the role of music preferences on emotion evocation is not substantial, the trend and characteristics of different music melody types evoked emotions provide an effective and realistic basis.
•Small-molecule NI-based fluorescent probes for imaging and tracking organelles in living cells are systematically reviewed.•The organelle-targeting groups and possible molecular labeling mechanisms ...are comprehensively summarized.•A detailed introduction of NI-based fluorescent probe for monitoring these organelle dynamics, their microenvironments, bio-/chem-active species, and enzyme activities.•The challenges and perspectives of NI-based fluorescent probe in future biological applications and clinical diagnosis.
The application of fluorescent probes for organelle imaging and tracking has been extensively explored in recent years due to their unique optical performance. This review focuses on 1,8-naphthalimide (NI) fluorophore highlighting the recent advances in imaging and tracking of individual or multiple organelles in living cells. Specifically, we emphasize their labeling mechanism, and summarize the applications by monitoring their dynamic microenvironment (e.g., viscosity, polarity, temperature, and pH), bioactive species (e.g., cations/anions, molecules, radicals), and the enzyme activities. We also point out the shortcomings of the reported NI-based organelle fluorescent probes and present our perspective on the future developments in this field. We hope this review can be used not only as a reference for beginners, but also as a compass of these fields, and contribute to solving more promising and meaningful topics for chemical and biological researchers.
DNA N6-methyladenine (6mA) is an important epigenetic modification, which is involved in many biology regulation processes. An accurate and reliable method for 6mA identification can help us gain a ...better insight into the regulatory mechanism of the modification. Although many experimental techniques have been proposed to identify 6mA sites genome-wide, these techniques are time consuming and laborious. Recently, several machine learning methods have been developed to identify 6mA sites genome-wide. However, there is room for the improvement on their performance for predicting 6mA sites in rice genome. In this paper, we developed a simple and lightweight deep learning model to identify DNA 6mA sites in rice genome. Our model needs no prior knowledge of 6mA or manually crafted sequence feature. We built our model based on two rice 6mA benchmark datasets. Our method got an average prediction accuracy of ∼93% and ∼92% on the two datasets we used. We compared our method with existing 6mA prediction tools. The comparison results show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
•We quantitatively explore the impacts of COVID-19 on the usage of bike sharing.•A novel method is proposed to estimate trip distances and trajectories of bike sharing.•Complex network theory is ...employed to explore the transformation of user behaviors.•COVID-19 impacts the user behaviors and environmental benefits of bike sharing significantly.
The COVID-19 pandemic spreads rapidly around the world, and has given rise to huge impacts on all aspects of human society. This study utilizes big data techniques to analyze the impacts of COVID-19 on the user behaviors and environmental benefits of bike sharing. In this study, a novel method is proposed to calculate the trip distances and trajectories via a python package OSMnx so as to accurately estimate the environmental benefits of bike sharing. In addition, we employ the topological indices arising from complex network theory to quantitatively analyze the transformation of user behavior pattern of bike sharing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that this pandemic has impacted the user behaviors and environmental benefits of bike sharing in Beijing significantly. During the pandemic, the estimated reductions of energy consumption and emissions on 6th Feb decreased to approximately 1 in 17 of those on a normal day, and the environmental benefits at most recovered to 70% of those in normal days. The impacts of COVID-19 on the environmental benefits in different districts are different. Furthermore, the decline of average strength and strength distribution obeying exponential distribution but with different slope rates suggests that people are less likely to take bike sharing to the places where were popular before. The pandemic has also increased the average trip time of bike sharing. Our research may facilitate the understanding of the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on our society and environment, and also provide clues to adapt to this unprecedented pandemic so as to respond to similar events in the future.
•We describe in detail the damage observed at the Longxi tunnel cross a fault zone.•Serious damage and even collapse of the tunnel occurred close to the faulted zone.•We present a detailed 3D ...numerical model to determine the mechanisms of damage.•We discuss effects of seismic input directions and the fault on the tunnel damage.•The longitudinal seismic motion has a significant effect on tunnel performance.
The Longxi tunnel was one of the most damaged tunnels during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. What makes the case interesting is that the tunnel crosses a fault zone. Damage from small to heavy cracking was observed both at the portal and inside the tunnel, while sections close to the fault completely collapsed. A full three-dimensional dynamic finite element model of the tunnel and rock system is used to assess the seismic damage observed in the tunnel and to evaluate the influence of the longitudinal and vertical motions on the seismic response. A comparison between the numerical predictions and the damage reported shows a good agreement. The results indicate that the longitudinal earthquake motion has a significant effect on the response of the tunnel structure and should be considered for the structural design of tunnels in seismic zones. In contrast, the vertical seismic motions can generally be neglected.
Due to the special configurations of the shaft-tunnel junction, discrepant responses of the shaft and the tunnel will arise when earthquakes strike. This paper presents shaking table tests addressing ...this discrepancy and its influence on the structures. The model system is designed to reproduce the relative stiffness and the relative mass of the prototype system. Two site-specific synthetic earthquake motions are adopted as seismic excitations along the transverse direction of the tunnel model. The discrepant responses are revealed by the shaft's and the tunnel's acceleration responses. The extent of discrepancy is quantified by correlation coefficients, and its influence on structural performance is evaluated. Consequently, the longitudinal circumferential-joint extensions and the transverse dynamic strains are raised at the shaft-tunnel junction. While the raised strains are relatively small, the longitudinal circumferential-joint extensions pose a threat to structural safety. A simplified model based on the solution for Euler-Bernoulli beam on Winkler foundations is put forward to establish the relation of circumferential-joint extensions and shaft-tunnel relative displacements. Validation of the proposed model is conducted by comparison of test results and analytical results.
•Discrepant responses of shaft-tunnel junction are studied through shaking table test.•Discrepancy of acceleration responses is quantified by correlation coefficients.•Extensions of circumferential-joints under transverse excitations are presented.•Relation between joint extensions and shaft-tunnel displacements is established.
•Shaking table tests with scale ratio of 1/10 are conducted for a transition tunnel.•Technical details of the test design and its implementation are fully addressed.•Meaningful test data including ...dynamic rock pressure on tunnel are obtained.•Change of tunnel section has significant influences on tunnel transverse responses.•Inner lining increases rock-tunnel pressures of TBM due to a larger stiffness.
A transition tunnel is generally built to connect a TBM tunnel and a drill-and-blast tunnel, given the different cross sections associated with each construction method. The transition tunnel may be sensitive to earthquake damage due to the fact that the tunnel cross-section and stiffness change along the tunnel axis. To study the seismic performance of the transition tunnel structure, a series of shaking table tests are carried out. The transition tunnel model is divided into four regions to consider the change of cross-section. Key technical details of the test setup are presented, with a focus on: layout of the model, cross-sections and stiffness of the four regions, model materials, modeling procedure and sensors’ layout. Based on test results, the acceleration response of the tunnel liner and the dynamic pressure between surrounding rock and tunnel liner are discussed. In addition, the peak acceleration, Arias Intensity, and Fourier spectrum are presented for each of the four tunnel regions, to discuss the influence of the change of the cross-sections and stiffness on the seismic response of the tunnel regions.
•1 g shaking table test is conducted on a designed segmental tunnel in sand.•The ground fundamental frequencies under different motions is observed.•Comprehensive experimental results are recorded ...and analyzed in detail.•Near-fault ground motions could remarkably amplify the ground and tunnel responses.•The physical mechanisms behind the test data are further discussed.
A 1 g shaking table test is conducted to investigate seismic responses of a segmental tunnel in sand under near-fault motions. The tunnel model is assembled with segments, bolts and rubber strips and embedded in a shallow sand ground. The test facility, design and preparation of the tunnel model and the sand ground, as well as selected earthquake motions, are presented in detail. Dynamic responses obtained from the experiment include accelerations of the sand ground and the tunnel model, strains of segments, diametric deformations of the tunnel section, as well as bolt tensions and rotation of radial joints. Results show that the ground fundamental frequency changes with different input motions due to sand nonlinearities, and the deformation of the segmental tunnel is concentrated on radial joints. Moreover, near-fault motions would significantly aggravate the seismic response of both the sand ground and the segmental tunnel compared to far-field motions. Physical mechanisms contributed to the observation that near-fault motions would lead to larger shear strains of ground, especially when the ground fundamental frequency decreases, are also discussed.
•Analytical solution is derived for long tunnels with sharp stiffness transition.•The wave passage effect along the tunnel axis is considered in the solution.•The structure stiffness ratio EI1/EI2 ...and soil shear velocity ratio Vs1/Vs2 have dramatic effects on tunnel responses.•A transition tunnel may reduce adverse effects created by a sudden change of structure or ground stiffness.•An approach to minimize the loading on the critical tunnel section in the transition zone is discussed.
Sharp transitions in structure stiffness and/or ground properties have a significant influence on the seismic response of tunnels. These issues are not well understood yet, or at least not well considered during design. An analytical solution is derived to investigate the seismic response of long tunnels, built in non-homogeneous ground, subjected to sinusoidal shear motions. It is assumed that the tunnel is excavated in two different soil deposits that have a sharp contact, and there is a transition zone through the contact. It is also assumed that the tunnels can be represented as beams on an elastic medium. Continuity at the contact between the different contact sections of the tunnel is imposed to solve the governing equations of equilibrium. In addition, wave passage effects along the tunnel are considered by including a phase angle in the far-field displacements. Explicit formulations are obtained for tunnel deflection, bending moments and shear forces. The solution is verified by providing comparisons between its results and those from the Finite Element program ABAQUS. A parametric analysis is presented where the effects of the stiffness of the structure, the shear velocity of the soil and the length of the transition zone are investigated.
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