Ethylene is one crucial phytohormone modulating plants' organ development and ripening process, especially in fruits, but its action modes and discrepancies in non-climacteric grape and climacteric ...peach in these processes remain elusive. This work is focused on the action mode divergences of ethylene during the modulation of the organ development and ripening process in climacteric/non-climacteric plants. We characterized the key enzyme genes in the ethylene synthesis pathway,
and
, and uncovered that their sequence structures are highly conserved, although their promoters exhibit important divergences in the numbers and types of the cis-elements responsive to hormones, implying various responses to hormone signals. Subsequently, we found the two have similar expression modes in vegetative organ development but inverse patterns in reproductive ones, especially in fruits. Then,
and
were further validated in promoting fruit ripening functions through their transient over-expression/RNAi-expression in tomatoes, of which the former possesses a weaker role than the latter in the fruit ripening process. Our findings illuminated the divergence in the action patterns and function traits of the key
genes in the tissue development of climacteric/non-climacteric plants, and they have implications for further gaining insight into the interaction mechanism of ethylene signaling during the modulation of the organ development and ripening process in climacteric/non-climacteric plants.
Exogenous GA is widely used to efficiently induce grape seedless berry development for significantly improving berry quality. Recently, we found that VvmiR166s are important regulators of response to ...GA in grapes, but its roles in GA-induced seedless grape berry development remain elusive. Here, the precise sequences of VvmiR166s and their targets VvREV, VvHB15 and VvHOX32 were determined in grape cv. ‘Rosario Bianco’, and the cleavage interactions of VvmiR166s-VvHB15/VvHOX32/VvREV modules and the variations in their cleavage roles were confirmed in grape berries. Exogenous GA treatment significantly induced a change in their expression correlations from positive to negative between VvmiR166s and their target genes at the seeds during the stone-hardening stages (32 DAF–46 DAF) in grape berries, indicating exogenous GA change action modes of VvmiR166s on their targets in this process, in which exogenous GA mainly enhanced the negative regulatory roles of VvmiR166s on VvHB15 among all three VvmiR166s-target pairs. The transient OE-VvmiR166a-h/OE-VvHB15 in tobacco confirmed that out of the VvmiR166 family, VvmiR166h/a/b might be the main factors in modulating lignin synthesis through inhibiting VvHB15, of which VvmiR166h-VvHB15-NtPAL4/NtCCR1/NtCCR2/NtCCoAMT5/NtCOMT1 and VvmiR166a/b-VvHB15-NtCAD1 are the potential key regulatory modules in lignin synthesis. Together with the GA-induced expression modes of VvmiR166s-VvHB15 and genes related to lignin synthesis in grape berries, we revealed that GA might repress lignin synthesis mainly by repressing VvCAD1/VvCCR2/VvPAL2/VvPAL3/Vv4CL/VvLac7 levels via mediating VvmiR166s-VvHB15 modules in GA-induced grape seedless berries. Our findings present a novel insight into the roles of VvmiR66s that are responsive to GA in repressing the lignin synthesis of grape seedless berries, with different lignin-synthesis-enzyme-dependent action pathways in diverse plants, which have important implications for the molecular breeding of high-quality seedless grape berries.
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•Pioneering review on the synergistic promotion effect of photocatalysis by vacancies and heterojunctions.•The types, synthesis and characterization methods are discussed.•The ...synergistic interaction mechanism is emphasized from multi-perspectives.•The application of coexistence of vacancies and heterojunctions in photocatalysis is summarized.
Photocatalysis is an economical and environment-friendly technology with promising application, while the development of efficient photocatalyst is full of challenge. Fabrication of vacancies and heterojunctions have been demonstrated to be two of the most utilized and effective modulation strategies to improve photoactivity. Experimental and theoretical calculations have shown that the coexistence of vacancies and heterojunctions exhibits better photocatalytic activity and stability compared to separate one. However, there has been no review to systematically unveil the synergistic mechanism of vacancies and heterojunctions. In this paper, the types, synthesis methods and characterization strategies of heterojunctions and vacancies are discussed respectively. Besides, the synergistic promotion mechanism of heterojunctions and vacancies for efficient photoactivity is also elaborated. Furthermore, the challenges and development directions in synergistic photocatalysis based on vacancies and heterojunctions are summarized.
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•Photocatalysis for synergistic water remediation and H2 production are reviewed.•A binary perspective is adopted to review the catalyst and pollutant properties.•The bi-directional ...suitability of catalysts and pollutants are emphasized.•Catalysts-pollutants-coexisting media interaction mechanisms are discussed.
Photocatalysis offers an energy-efficient and environment-friendly route to alleviate energy crisis and environmental pollution. Sunlight-driven photocatalytic H2 production with synergistic degradation of pollutants can not only realize the conversion of solar energy to hydrogen energy, but also contribute to water remediation and preparation of organic by-products. In this paper, we adopt a binary analysis perspective to introduce the effects of photocatalyst types, composites, microstructure, pollutants properties, co-existing substances and different synergistic target on dual-functional photocatalytic activity. In addition, the influence mechanisms behind each factor, current challenges and future development directions are also comprehensively discussed. We found that the synergistic water remediation and H2 production system requires a balance between the two individual reactions, which requires not only a bi-directional adaptation of catalyst and pollutant, but also a comprehensive consideration of the reaction environment, i.e., achieving the trinity of pollutants/photocatalysts/co-existing media. Specifically, developing more efficient components and more suitable loading methods, constructing more optimized and innovative catalyst structures and clarifying the degradation mechanism of pollutants are crucial for efficient photocatalytic synergistic systems. This work provided a theoretical basis for the development of bifunctional photocatalytic systems.
Although vast research has shown that cybervictimization is a significant risk factor of adolescent’s internet addiction (IA), little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms behind ...this relationship. The current study examined whether depression mediated the relationship between cybervictimization and adolescent’s IA, and whether the direct and indirect effect was moderated by prosocial peer affiliation (PPA). A sample of 1,006 adolescents (
Mean
age
= 13.16;
SD
= 0.67) anonymously completed the questionnaires. The results revealed that the positive association between cybervictimization and adolescent’s IA was mediated by depression. Moderated mediation analysis further showed that PPA moderated the association between cybervictimization and adolescent’s IA. However, this indirect effect was stronger for adolescents with high PPA than for those with low PPA, which means that the protective effects of PPA are limited. These findings highlight the mediating and moderating mechanisms between cybervictimization and adolescent’s IA, and provide guidance for the prevention and intervention in adolescent’s IA.
Previous research indicates that cybervictimization can lead to adolescent Internet addiction; however, there is a gap in the knowledge about the mediating and moderating variables facilitating this ...relationship. This study examines the role of rejection sensitivity as a mediator in this relationship and the role of parent-adolescent communication as a moderator for this mediation effect among Chinese adolescents. Participants were 1006 adolescents (M = 13.16 years, SD = 0.67), who completed the questionnaires anonymously. The questionnaires assessed the four variables of interest. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis. The results show that the positive association between cybervictimization and adolescent Internet addiction is mediated by rejection sensitivity. Moreover, this indirect effect is stronger for adolescents with low parent-adolescent communication than for those with high parent-adolescent communication.
Research has demonstrated a robust positive association between cyberbullying victimization and adolescent drinking behavior; however, the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this ...relationship remain largely unexplored. Grounded in the social development model and person-environment interactions model, our study explored whether deviant peer affiliation mediated the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and adolescent drinking behavior and whether this mediating effect was moderated by personal growth initiative. A sample of 1,006 adolescents (
M
age
= 13.16 years;
SD
= 0.67) anonymously completed self-report questionnaires. Structural equation modeling indicated that the positive association between cyberbullying victimization and drinking behavior was partly mediated by deviant peer affiliation for both girls and boys. Further, this mediating process was stronger for adolescents with low personal growth initiative than for those with high personal growth initiative. There were no significant gender differences for this moderating effect. These findings underline the importance of deviant peer affiliation and personal growth initiative in understanding how and when cyberbullying victimization impacts adolescent drinking behavior.
We explored the extent to which adolescent self-control moderated the relationships among interparental conflict, parent-adolescent attachment, and adolescent Internet addiction. Participants ...comprised 459 junior high school students, who completed the Adolescents' Perception
of Interparental Conflict Scale, the Self-Control Scale, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, and the Internet Addiction Scale. Results show that adolescents' perceptions of interparental conflict was significantly and positively correlated with their Internet addiction. In addition,
the relationship between perceived interparental conflict and Internet addiction was mediated by parent-adolescent attachment. Finally, self-control moderated the relationships among interparental conflict, parent-adolescent attachment, and Internet addiction. Policy implications,
limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
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