From a behavioral economics perspective, a food purchase (or any other type of purchase) can be broken down into processes involved in appraising the value and costs of available items and selecting ...between items with competing valuations and associated costs. On the surface, this is a simple formulation that can be used to understand factors influencing food choice. This formulation is also amenable to examination at the neural level. In the past decade, electrophysiological studies in non-human primates and functional neuroimaging studies in humans have made significant inroads into elucidating the neural substrates involved in valuation and selection processes. This chapter reviews the key neural substrates involved in positive valuation, negative valuation (i.e., costs, potential losses), and selection. An understanding of factors that influence these three processes helps reveal some of the difficulties (and perhaps some solutions) in directing individuals towards healthier food purchases. The chapter particularly focuses on processing within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate, and insula, as these regions appear critical for aspects of positive and negative valuation and selection.
Sacred Companies Demerath, N. J. III
1998, 19980212, 1998-04-09
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Religion is intrinsically social, and hence irretrievably organizational. Religion and organizations have separately been the objects of frequent study but their confluence has rarely been ...considered. This interdisciplinary collection of mostly unpublished papers is the first volume to tackle this neglected subject. The result of a three-year research project at Yale sponsored by the Lilly Endowment, the volume looks at such topics as the historical sources and patterns of U.S. religious institutions, contemporary patterns of denominational authority, the congregation as organization, and the interface between religious and secular institutions.
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