Ca
/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) is essential for synaptic plasticity and learning by decoding synaptic Ca
oscillations. Despite decades of extensive research, new mechanisms underlying ...CaMKIIα's function in synapses are still being discovered. Here, we discover that Shank3 is a specific binding partner for autoinhibited CaMKIIα. We demonstrate that Shank3 and GluN2B, via combined actions of Ca
and phosphatases, reciprocally bind to CaMKIIα. Under basal condition, CaMKIIα is recruited to the Shank3 subcompartment of postsynaptic density (PSD) via phase separation. Rise of Ca
concentration induces GluN2B-mediated recruitment of active CaMKIIα and formation of the CaMKIIα/GluN2B/PSD-95 condensates, which are autonomously dispersed upon Ca
removal. Protein phosphatases control the Ca
-dependent shuttling of CaMKIIα between the two PSD subcompartments and PSD condensate formation. Activation of CaMKIIα further enlarges the PSD assembly and induces structural LTP. Thus, Ca
-induced and phosphatase-checked shuttling of CaMKIIα between distinct PSD nano-domains can regulate phase separation-mediated PSD assembly and synaptic plasticity.
This paper illustrates the extent of how education background of parents could affect the relationship between children and parents. The inculcate in children is an essential factor that influences ...the relationship between children and parents. A strict education method may cause a harsh relationship between a child and his parents, while encouraging education is often beneficial for improving parent-child relationships. Children ‘ s education is decided by the education background of parents, as parents with different education backgrounds would educate child differently. Typically, parents who are well-educated perform better in educating children through a reasonable way. The data in this essay were collected through promoting questionnaires on social media, which uses parent-child sub-scale as the basic questionnaire. What’s more, other evidence from previous researches were also used as a reference to guarantee authenticity. This study assumes that high educated parents can build a better parent-child relationship. Correlation analysis shows that significant positive correlation exists between fathers education background and positive father-child relationship, which is also the same for mothers education background and positive mother-child relationship. Furthermore, non-parametric tests also justifies that the education background of a mother shows a significant positive father-child relationship. These all demonstrates the fact that the more educated the parents are, the better parent-child relationship will be.
The classification of irreducible conformal B(p)-modules of finite rank was given in 5 for 0≠p∈C and in 6 for p=0. In this paper, we use a uniform way to give a short proof of this classification.
The transition from transcription initiation to elongation is highly regulated in human cells but remains incompletely understood at the structural level. In particular, it is unclear how ...interactions between RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) and initiation factors are broken to enable promoter escape. Here, we reconstitute RNA Pol II promoter escape in vitro and determine high-resolution structures of initially transcribing complexes containing 8-, 10-, and 12-nt ordered RNAs and two elongation complexes containing 14-nt RNAs. We suggest that promoter escape occurs in three major steps. First, the growing RNA displaces the B-reader element of the initiation factor TFIIB without evicting TFIIB. Second, the rewinding of the transcription bubble coincides with the eviction of TFIIA, TFIIB, and TBP. Third, the binding of DSIF and NELF facilitates TFIIE and TFIIH dissociation, establishing the paused elongation complex. This three-step model for promoter escape fills a gap in our understanding of the initiation-elongation transition of RNA Pol II transcription.
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•Visualization of initiation-elongation transition intermediates de novo initiated from the PIC•Initial RNA synthesis repositions TFIIB reader but does not displace TFIIB•Transcription bubble rewinding coincides with the displacement of TFIIA, TBP, and TFIIB•Recruitment of DSIF and NELF facilitates the displacement of TFIIE and TFIIH
Zhan et al. reconstitute the initiation-elongation transition of RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) and provide high-resolution structures of transcription intermediates during promoter escape. They conclude on the molecular mechanisms of promoter escape by mammalian Pol II.
•DENV2 NS3 helicase activity was stimulated by the N-terminal residues 51 to 83 of NS4B.•Motif I and motif III of NS3 helicase were required for NS3-NS4B interaction.•NS4B coordinated the ATP binding ...and single-strand DNA dissociation in the unwinding process.
Dengue virus NS3 is a prototypical DEx(H/D) helicase that binds and hydrolyzes NTP to translocate along and unwind double-stranded nucleic acids. NS3 and NS4B are essential components of the flavivirus replication complex. Evidences showed that NS4B interacted with NS3 and modulated the helicase activity of NS3. Despite important insights into structural, mechanistic, and cellular aspects of the NS3 function, there is still a gap in understanding how it coordinates the helicase activities within the replicase complex for efficient replication. Here, using the DENV2 as a model, we redefined the critical region of NS4B required for NS3 function by pull-down and MST assays. The FRET-based unwinding assay showed that NS3 would accelerate unwinding duplex nucleic acids in the presence of NS4B (51-83). The simulated NS3-NS4B complex models based on the rigid-body docking delineated the potential interaction sites located in the conserved motif within the core domain of NS3. Mutations in motif I (I190A) and motif III (P319L) of NS3 interfered with the unwinding activity stimulated by NS4B. Upon binding to the NS3 helicase, NS4B assisted NS3 to dissociate from single-stranded nucleic acid and enabled NS3 helicase to keep high activity at high ATP concentrations. These results suggest that NS4B probably serves as an essential cofactor for NS3 to coordinate the ATP cycles and nucleic acid binding during viral genome replication.
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A novel ZnCo2O4/Bi2O3 heterojunction photocatalyst was prepared, and the formation of the heterojunction was confirmed via HRTEM. Photocatalytic activity of as-prepared samples was ...evaluated through photodegradation of malachite green (MG). The degradation results show that the as-prepared 13% ZnCo2O4/Bi2O3 heterojunction photocatalyst exhibits higher activity than pure Bi2O3. The MG degradation rate for the as-prepared catalyst is as high as 94%. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to the broad photoabsorption and low recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, which is driven by the photogenerated potential difference formed at the ZnCo2O4/Bi2O3 heterojunction interface.
Achieving efficient and direct conversion of methane under mild conditions is of great significance for innovations in the chemical industry. However, the efficiency and lifetime of most catalysts ...remain too far from practical requirements, since it is difficult to break the first C−H bond of methane as well as to suppress the following complete dehydrogenation (or overoxidation) and the resulting carbonaceous deposition (or CO2). Here, we report that wurtzite GaN:ZnO solid solutions exhibit unique and unprecedented photocatalytic performances for the nonoxidative coupling of methane at room temperature, exclusively generating ethane with nearly stoichiometric H2. High conversion rate (>330 μmol g−1 h−1), long‐term stability (>70 h), and superior coke‐resistance were achieved. At 293 K, the methane conversion exceeds 7 %, comparable to the equilibrium conversion of thermal catalysis at 910 K. Mechanistic studies revealed that the N‐ZnGa‐ON units and the absence of acid sites on the surface played crucial roles in reactivity and coke resistance, respectively.
An efficient and robust light‐driven nonoxidative coupling of methane (NOCM) to ethane and hydrogen at room temperature was developed. The noble‐metal‐free GaN:ZnO solid solution drove NOCM with a high conversion rate, high selectivity, long‐term stability, and superior coke resistance, which are difficult to achieve simultaneously in thermal catalysis.
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been extensively investigated due to their unique structure, porosity, and functionality. However, at the topological level, COFs remain as two‐dimensional ...(2D) or three‐dimensional (3D) structures, while COFs with one‐dimensional (1D) topology have not been systematically explored. In this work, we proposed a synthetic strategy for the construction of 1D‐COFs based on non‐linear edges and suitable high‐symmetry vertices. Compared with their 2D‐COFs counterparts, the 1D‐COFs with AIEgens located at the vertex of the frame exhibited enhanced fluorescence. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the dimensional‐induced rotation restriction (DIRR) effect could spontaneously introduce additional non‐covalent interactions between the strip frames, which could substantially diminish non‐radiative transitions. This work also provides protocols for the design of 1D‐COFs and a guidance scheme for the synthesis of emitting COFs.
A series of 1D‐COFs were synthesized by combining vertices with different symmetries and matching the nonlinear edges. The 1D‐COFs, which employed AIEgens as the vertex, showed enhanced fluorescence emission properties compared with their 2D analogs.
Both the years 1998 and 2010 were the transitional years from El Niño to La Niña with record-low tropical cyclone (TC) genesis frequency over the western North Pacific (WNP). However, their rapid ...intensification (RI) magnitudes of TCs, defined as TC intensity change within 24 h during the RI stage, exhibited salient differences. RI magnitude in 1998 reached the third highest, but the lowest in 2010 since 1979. Results show that this remarkable difference in RI magnitude is related to the extremely favorable and unfavorable large-scale conditions, respectively. The extreme warming coupled with unstable atmosphere in key RI region provided favorable conditions for the high RI magnitude in 1998, while the extremely decreased low-level relative vorticity led to the very low RI magnitude in 2010. Further analyses show that this extreme warming in 1998 was driven by the enhanced net heat flux associated with the increase in downward short-wave radiation and latent heat flux, which was mainly caused by the less total cloud cover and reduced evaporation induced by the anomalous anticyclonic circulation, respectively. In sharp contrast, the unfavorable dynamic condition in 2010 mainly resulted from the combined impact of the La Niña events and the tropical east Indian Ocean warming.
•TC RI magnitude over the WNP shows a salient difference in two strong La Niña years.•SST warming dominates the record-high in 1998.•Dynamic factors contribute to the record-low in 2010.•Large-scale conditions were modulated by the trans-basin SST changes.
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