Isolates of Cercospora sojina, causal agent of frogeye leaf spot of soybean (Glycine max), that are resistant to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides have been reported in the United States. ...Radial mycelial growth and sporulation of QoI-resistant and -sensitive C. sojina isolates were compared in the laboratory, and virulence of QoI-resistant and -sensitive isolates on a susceptible soybean cultivar (Blackhawk) and on a cultivar (Davis) with the Rcs3 resistance gene that confers resistance to frogeye leaf spot were compared. No differences in amount of sporulation between QoI-resistant and -sensitive isolates were observed. On cultivar (cv.) Blackhawk, frogeye leaf spot caused by QoI-resistant isolates was more severe than disease caused by QoI-sensitive isolates 7–8 days after inoculation, but no differences in disease between QoI-resistant and -sensitive isolates were observed 9 days after inoculation. On cv. Davis, QoI-resistant isolates caused significantly greater disease severity than sensitive isolates 8–14 days after inoculation. Although cv. Davis was affected more severely by QoI-resistant isolates, disease severity was less on cv. Davis than cv. Blackhawk, indicating that the Rcs3 gene was still effective against the C. sojina isolates tested. Our findings indicate that no fitness costs associated with QoI resistance in C. sojina were observed in the characteristics measured in our research.
•Cercospora sojina isolates resistant and sensitive to QoI fungicides were compared.•Growth and sporulation of QoI-resistant and -sensitive isolates were similar.•QoI-resistant strains caused more severe disease on soybean soon after inoculation.•The Rcs3 gene can be used to manage frogeye leaf spot caused by these isolates.
1,2 Researchers found that anthracycline-in-duced cardiotoxicity (AIC) develops during or after treatment; however, the exact mechanism is unclear. ...the optimal use of non-invasive cardiac ...examinations is necessary to control the drug side effects. Medical imaging technology has been reckoned to be the most effective method for the non-invasive detection of AIC. ...to minimize the cardiac risk, a brief overview of the latest advances in medical imaging technology has been provided in this article. ...it can be used for the monitoring of patients who are away from chemotherapy or longitudinal detection of anthracycline-induced changes during treatment. ...the potential association between this uptake index and anthracycline cardiotoxicity has only been described in one case report, and its clinical potential remains uncertain. ...Bauckneht et al7 conducted a transformation study based on this report to verify whether evaluation of doxorubicin uptake based on cardiac FDG can predict advanced cardiotoxicity.
Malignant gliomas occur more often in adults and may affect any part of the central nervous system (CNS). Although their results could be better, surgical excision, postoperative radiation and ...chemotherapy, and electric field therapy are today's mainstays of glioma care. However, bacteria can also exert anti-tumor effects
mechanisms such as immune regulation and bacterial toxins to promote apoptosis, inhibit angiogenesis, and rely on their natural characteristics to target the tumor microenvironment of hypoxia, low pH, high permeability, and immunosuppression. Tumor-targeted bacteria expressing anticancer medications will go to the cancer site, colonize the tumor, and then produce the therapeutic chemicals that kill the cancer cells. Targeting bacteria in cancer treatment has promising prospects. Rapid advances have been made in the study of bacterial treatment of tumors, including using bacterial outer membrane vesicles to load chemotherapy drugs or combine with nanomaterials to fight tumors, as well as the emergence of bacteria combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and photothermal/photodynamic therapy. In this study, we look back at the previous years of research on bacteria-mediated glioma treatment and move forward to where we think it is headed.
The aim of this study was to provide a practical experimental basis for the development of Neocryptotanshinone (NCTS) as an effective hypoglycemic drug and a theoretical method for the rapid ...screening of natural compounds with hypoglycemic effects. Molecular docking was used to screen the most suitable ligand. Hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western Blotting approved the hypoglycemic effect of NCTS. According to the free energy of binding, among 180 active compounds from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database, NCTS was finally chose for investigation its hypoglycemic effects. In db/db mice, NCTS significantly reduced body weight and plasma glucose, improved glucose tolerance and levels of fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1c, and decreased insulin resistance after six-week administration. NCTS restored the pathological state in the liver of db/db mice and significantly decreased protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) expression in the liver and muscle of db/db mice, which is related to the regulatory effect of NCTS on insulin receptor substrate 1. In conclusion, we successfully explored the hypoglycemic effect of NCTS in db/db mice via regulating the expression of PTP1B.
The accident mortality rate of major accidents (MAs) show that China is still in the bottleneck period of accident prevention and control. To further promote the MAs prevention and control, this ...paper presents a novel major accidents evolution model from the theoretical perspective of information processing (IP). Firstly, based on the safety science paradigm of accident prevention and the emergency management paradigm of accident control, a safety information processing (SIP) process is proposed. Secondly, established the SIP model for different stages of accident prevention and control, which involves danger information processing (DIP), potential hazard information processing (PHIP), risk information processing (RIP), and emergency information processing (EIP). Thirdly, revealed the SIP of various management subject and the failure principle of accident prevention and control, that is, MAs occur under the premise of continuous failures of DIP, PHIP, RIP, and EIP under the social-technical system. Finally, the DPRE-IP model is proposed from the whole evolution path of “danger-potential hazard-risk-accident”. To demonstrate the viability of the model, this model is applied to the “6·13” Wenling major explosion accident. The results show that the proposed DPRE-IP model can provide new ideas for the formulation of accident prevention and control measures and accident analysis.
The new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an emerging pathogen that can cause severe respiratory infections in humans. It is worth noting that many of the affected COVID-19 patients have malignant tumors. ...In addition, cancer has been identified as a personal risk factor for COVID-19. Transmembrane proteaseserine-2 (TMPRSS2) is a crucial host protease that mediates S protein activation and initially promotes virus entry into host cells. Moreover, it is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors. However, the systematic analysis of TMPRSS2 aberrations in human cancer remains to be elucidated. Here, we analyzed the genetic changes, RNA expression, and DNA methylation of TMPRSS2 in more than 30 tumors. It has been reported that TMPRSS2 is overexpressed in tumors such as prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), and in contrast, the expression of TMPRSS2 is decreased in tumors such as head and neck cancer (HNSC). In addition, TMPRSS2 low DNA methylation was also found in most of these TMPRSS2 high-expressing tumors in this study. Clinical studies have found that there is a significant correlation between the expression of TMPRSS2 and the prognosis of some tumor patients. The expression of TMPRSS2 is also related to the infiltration of cancer-related fibroblasts, and the potential pathways and functional mechanisms were analyzed through KEGG/GO enrichment. In the end, our study planned the genetic and epigenetic variation of TMPRSS2 in human malignant tumors for the first time and provided a relatively comprehensive understanding of the carcinogenic effects of TMPRSS2.
An intermolecular synergistic catalytic combination of 1,8‐diazabicyclo5.4.0undec‐7‐ene (DBU) and a DBU‐derived bromide ionic liquid has been developed for the conversion of CO2, epoxides, and amines ...under metal‐ and solvent‐free conditions. Various 3‐aryl‐2‐oxazolidinones are produced in moderate to excellent yields within a short reaction time. NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations demonstrate that DBU as a hydrogen bond acceptor and the ionic liquid as a hydrogen bond donor activate the substrates cooperatively by inducing hydrogen bonds to promote the reaction effectively. Based on these results, a possible reaction mechanism on the synergistic catalysis of DBU and the ionic liquid is proposed. In addition, the reaction of CS2, ethylene oxide, and aniline catalyzed by the combination of DBU and the DBU‐derived ionic liquid also proceeds smoothly, which opens a hitherto unreported route to 1,3dithiolan‐2‐ylidenephenylamine in a straightforward way.
Simply synergy: The combination of the organic superbase 1,8‐diazabicyclo5.4.0undec‐7‐ene (DBU) and the superbase‐derived bromide ionic liquid HDBUBr exhibits intermolecular synergistic catalysis for the reaction of CO2, epoxides, and amines. Various 3‐aryl‐2‐oxazolidinones are synthesized in moderate to excellent yields. NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations are used to demonstrate that the synergistic catalysts activate the substrates by inducing hydrogen bonds cooperatively.
Body colours are important and striking features for individual survival and reproductive success, in particular in vertebrates where mating behaviour and mate preference may be strongly influenced ...by non-normal phenotypes. Pigmentation disorders may be generated by disruption of one or many independent genes as well as by environmental factors. The first discovery of albino yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson) with golden skin colour from fish farms in China provides us valuable material to study the molecular mechanism underlying the abnormalities of pigmentation. In this study, transcriptome sequencing of fin tissues corresponding to the distinct body colours, wild type and mutant albino yellow catfish, were performed using Illumina sequencing technology. Based on next-generation sequencing technology and de novo assembly, we generated a transcriptome of P. fulvidraco. A number of genes differentially expressed between the wild types and albinos were identified, suggesting their contribution to the different phenotypes and fitness. However, non-synonymous mutations result from single nucleotide substitutions residing in coding regions may not contribute to such differences. Based on the high-throughput expression data generated for the two different types of P. fulvidraco, we found that alterations of expression pattern may be more common than non-synonymous mutations. The transcriptome of P. fulvidraco will be an invaluable resource for subsequent comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses of this economically important fish.
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potent inducers of immunogenic cell death (ICD), releasing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that induce potent anticancer immunity. Oncolytic ...Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been shown to educe ICD in both glioma and lung cancer cells. The objective of this study is to investigate whether oncolytic NDV induces ICD in melanoma cells and how it is regulated.
Various time points were actuated to check the expression and release of ICD markers induced by NDV strain, NDV/FMW in melanoma cell lines. The expression and release of ICD markers induced by oncolytic NDV strain, NDV/FMW, in melanoma cell lines at various time points were determined. Surface-exposed calreticulin (CRT) was inspected by confocal imaging. The supernatants of NDV/FMW infected cells were collected and concentrated for the determination of ATP secretion by ELISA, HMGB1, and HSP70/90 expression by immunoblot (IB) analysis. Pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, ER Stress, and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) was achieved by treatment with small molecule inhibitors. Melanoma cell lines stably depleted of STAT3 were established with lentiviral constructs. Supernatants from NDV-infected cells were intratumorally injected to mice bearing melanoma cells-derived tumors.
Oncolytic NDV induced CRT exposure, the release of HMGB1 and HSP70/90 as well as secretion of ATP in melanoma cells. Inhibition of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis or ER stress attenuated NDV/FMW-induced release of HMGB1 and HSP70/90. Moreover, NDV/FMW-induced ICD markers in melanoma cells were also suppressed by either treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor or shRNA-mediated depletion of STAT3. Of translational importance, treatment of mice bearing melanoma cells-derived tumors with supernatants from NDV/FMW-infected cells significantly inhibited tumor growth.
Our data authenticate that oncolytic NDV/FMW might be a potent inducer of ICD in melanoma cells, which is amalgamated with several forms of cell death. We also show that STAT3 plays a role in NDV/FMW-induced ICD in melanoma cells. Together, our data highlight oncolytic NDV as propitious for cancer therapeutics by stimulatingan anti-melanoma immune response.
Fermentation and aging are the key stages of flavor formation in Sichuan sun vinegar (SSV), but the generation mechanisms of the flavor produced by these processes are unknown. However, complex ...microbial metabolism is critical to the flavor development of SSV. In this study, we analyzed the key flavor compounds present in SSV. Combined with odor activity value (OAV), the main aroma components of SSV were screened, and the relationship between microorganisms and key flavor formation was predicted using metagenomic sequencing technology. The results revealed 38 key flavor compounds in SSV. Lactobacillus, Weissella, Acetobacter, Lichtheimia, Pediococcus, Oenococcus, Brettanomyces, Kazachstania, Pichia, Xanthomonas, Lenconostoc are widely involved in the production of key flavor compounds such as 2,3-butanediol, 2-Furanmethanol, phenylethanol, 3-(Methylthio)-1-propanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid and other organic acids. Among them, Lichtheimia and Lactobacillus are important genera for the degradation of starch, arabinoxylan and cellulose. The acetaldehyde,4-ethyl-2-methoxy-phenol and 2-methoxy-4-methyl-phenol production pathway may be related to Lactobacillus, Acetobacter and Brettanomyces. This study provides a new understanding of the key flavor-formation stage and flavor compound generation mechanism of SSV and provides a reference for the screening and isolation of functional strains and the reconstruction of microbial communities.
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•The content of lactic acid in SSV was higher than that of acetic acid.•Isovaleric, butanoic, and formic acid and ligustrazine were typical flavor compounds.•Lactobacillus, Weissella, and Acetobacterare amongst others produce these flavor compounds.•Heterotypic fermentative lactic acid bacteria are important in acetic acid metabolism.•We reveal the main flavor formation stage and compound generation mechanism in SSV.
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