This study delves into the intricate usage and interpretation issues of the Chinese term “體” (tǐ) in Xuanzang’s translation of the Abhidharmakośa (AKBhX) by providing a Sanskrit-Chinese comparative ...investigation. Xuanzang’s translations are pivotal in understanding certain Abhidharma scriptures, as some of them are the sole complete versions available. This study focuses on the term “體” in AKBhX, evaluating its usage in relation to 16 corresponding Sanskrit equivalents and the instances where Xuanzang introduced “體” without a Sanskrit equivalent. The analysis uncovers translation errors, potential misinterpretations, and the lack of clarity in certain contexts, emphasizing the need for readers to be cautious and consult additional sources for a comprehensive understanding of his translations.
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as attractive platforms in next-generation nanoelectronics and optoelectronics for reducing device sizes down ...to a 10 nm scale. To achieve this, the controlled synthesis of wafer-scale single-crystal TMDs with high crystallinity has been a continuous pursuit. However, previous efforts to epitaxially grow TMD films on insulating substrates (e.g., mica and sapphire) failed to eliminate the evolution of antiparallel domains and twin boundaries, leading to the formation of polycrystalline films. Herein, we report the epitaxial growth of wafer-scale single-crystal MoS2 monolayers on vicinal Au(111) thin films, as obtained by melting and resolidifying commercial Au foils. The unidirectional alignment and seamless stitching of the MoS2 domains were comprehensively demonstrated using atomic- to centimeter-scale characterization techniques. By utilizing onsite scanning tunneling microscope characterizations combined with first-principles calculations, it was revealed that the nucleation of MoS2 monolayer is dominantly guided by the steps on Au(111), which leads to highly oriented growth of MoS2 along the ⟨110⟩ step edges. This work, thereby, makes a significant step toward the practical applications of MoS2 monolayers and the large-scale integration of 2D electronics.
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer thin films, one of the most important parameters to characterize the relaxation behavior of polymer chains in a thin film, has been extensively ...investigated. It was found that the relaxation behavior of polymer chains in a polymer thin film at different locations, e.g., near a free surface, near a buried interface, or inside a given position of the film bulk, can vary greatly. Such results are significant for both fundamental understanding of molecular behavior and practical use of polymer thin films in many important applications but have not been systematically summarized and reviewed. In this review, we look at two extensively studied and commonly used polymer thin films, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS), as examples to systematically examine the effects of the free surface, buried interface (substrate), and geometrical confinement (encapsulated between two substrates) on the surface, interfacial, and bulk relaxation behavior of polymer thin films. Especially, the universal effects of “hard” and “soft” confinements and adsorbed nanolayer near a substrate on Tg are reviewed in detail. In addition, other important polymers such as poly(2-vinylpyridine) and the effects of other variables such as annealing are also discussed. This review elucidates variables which influence the relaxation behavior of polymer chains on the free surface, at buried interfaces, or in the bulk region of polymer thin films, providing in-depth understandings of such behavior. The systematic knowledge reported here will help to guide the future design of polymer thin films with desired properties used in a variety of applications, ranging from multilayer polymer packaging materials, polymer sheets, plastic microelectronics, to batteries and solar cells, and beyond.
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Synthesizing graphdiyne with a well-defined structure is a great challenge. We reported herein a rational approach to synthesize graphdiyne nanowalls using a modified Glaser–Hay coupling reaction. ...Hexaethynylbenzene and copper plate were selected as monomer and substrate, respectively. By adjusting the ratio of added organic alkali along with the amount of monomer, the proper amount of copper ions was dissolved into the solution, thus forming catalytic reaction sites. With a rapid reaction rate of Glaser–Hay coupling, graphdiyne grew vertically at these sites first, and then with more copper ions dissolved, uniform graphdiyne nanowalls formed on the surface of copper substrate. Raman spectra, UV–vis spectra, and HRTEM results confirmed the features of graphdiyne. These graphdiyne nanowalls also exhibited excellent and stable field-emission properties.
The carrier mobility of anisotropic two-dimensional semiconductors under longitudinal acoustic phonon scattering was theoretically studied using deformation potential theory. Based on the Boltzmann ...equation with the relaxation time approximation, an analytic formula of intrinsic anisotropic mobility was derived, showing that the influence of effective mass on mobility anisotropy is larger than those of deformation potential constant or elastic modulus. Parameters were collected for various anisotropic two-dimensional materials (black phosphorus, Hittorf's phosphorus, BC2N, MXene, TiS3, and GeCH3) to calculate their mobility anisotropy. It was revealed that the anisotropic ratio is overestimated by the previously described method.
•Overall accuracy of crop classification reaches 85 %–90 % by using full year UAVSAR.•Polarimetric parameters contribute more than linear polarizations to crop mapping.•The CP parameters are much ...more important than the FD parameters for crop mapping.•The combined use of four acquisitions is adequate to achieve a nearly optimal accuracy.
Accurate and timely information on the distribution of crop types is vital to agricultural management, ecosystem services valuation and food security assessment. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems have become increasingly popular in the field of crop monitoring and classification. However, the potential of time-series polarimetric SAR data has not been explored extensively, with several open scientific questions (e.g. the optimal combination of image dates for crop classification) that need to be answered. In this research, the usefulness of full year (both 2011 and 2014) L-band fully-polarimetric Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) data in crop classification was fully investigated over an agricultural region with a heterogeneous distribution of crop categories. In total, 11 crop classes including tree crops (almond and walnut), forage crops (grass, alfalfa, hay, and clover), a spring crop (winter wheat), and summer crops (corn, sunflower, tomato, and pepper), were discriminated using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The SAR input variables included raw linear polarization channels as well as polarimetric parameters derived from Cloude-Pottier (CP) and Freeman-Durden (FD) decompositions. Results showed clearly that the polarimetric parameters yielded much higher classification accuracies than linear polarizations. The combined use of all variables (linear polarizations and polarimetric parameters) produced the maximum overall accuracy of 90.50 % and 84.93 % for 2011 and 2014, respectively, with a significant increase of approximately 8 percentage points compared with linear polarizations alone. The variable importance provided by the RF illustrated that the polarimetric parameters had a far greater influence than linear polarizations, with the CP parameters being much more important than the FD parameters. The most important acquisitions were the images dated during the peak biomass stage (July and August) when the differences in structural characteristics between most crops were the largest. At the same time, the images in spring (April and May) and autumn (October) also contributed to the crop classification since they respectively provided unique information for discriminating fruit crops (almond and walnut) as well as summer crops (corn, sunflower, and tomato). As a result, the combined use of only four acquisitions (dated May, July, August, and October for 2011 and April, June, August, and October for 2014) was adequate to achieve a nearly-optimal overall accuracy. In light of the promising classification accuracies demonstrated in this research, it becomes increasingly viable to provide accurate and up-to-date crops inventories over large areas based solely on multitemporal polarimetric SAR.
Metal-free photocatalysts have received increasing attention as nonmetal elements are abundant in the earth and friendly to the environment. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a typical ...two-dimensional (2D) metal-free photocatalysts for water splitting has attracted increasing interest due to its economic production and environmentally friend features. However, the high photocarriers recombination rate constraint its catalytic activity. Combining the single- or few-layered g-C3N4 nanosheets with other 2D functional materials to form efficient metal-free heterojunction photocatalysts is one of the effective strategies to improve the photocarriers separation. Herein, we introduce a simple and efficient method to scalable preparation few-layered g-C3N4 nanosheets using gas exfoliation of bulk g-C3N4 in liquid nitrogen. Then we introduce the g-C3N4 nanosheets into construct a 2D/2D heterojunction of g-C3N4/graphdiyne by π-π interaction, where graphdiyne (GDY) as a new 2D carbon allotrope, has excellent holes transfer nature. We find that the 2D/2D g-C3N4/GDY photocatalyst with 1% GDY is the optimum condition, with the highest H2 evolution rate of 454.28 μmol h−1. The superior photocatalytic performance may be attributed to the excellent photocarriers separation in g-C3N4 under the built-in field, where GDY can rapid transport holes from g-C3N4 to the sacrificial agents.
Herein, we report a simple and efficient method to scalable preparation few-layered g-C3N4 nanosheets using gas exfoliation of bulk g-C3N4 in liquid nitrogen. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance for the g-C3N4 nanosheets is significantly enhanced by formation the heterojunction of g-C3N4/graphdiyne through π-π interaction, where graphdiyne (GDY) as a new 2D carbon allotrope, has excellent hole transfer nature. The 2D-2D g-C3N4/GDY photocatalyst with 1% GDY has the highest H2 evolution rate of 454.28 μmol h−1, which is about 3 times faster than that of the pure g-C3N4 NS. Display omitted
•Scalable synthesis of few-layered g-C3N4 nanosheets via gas exfoliation approach.•The g-C3N4 nanosheets show great photocatalytic H2 performance.•The g-C3N4/GDY heterojunction exhibits great photocatalytic H2 performance.•The superior photocatalytic performance mechanism is proposed.
Psychological distress has long been suspected to influence cancer incidence and mortality. It remains largely unknown whether and how stress affects the efficacy of anticancer therapies. We observed ...that social defeat caused anxiety-like behaviors in mice and dampened therapeutic responses against carcinogen-induced neoplasias and transplantable tumors. Stress elevated plasma corticosterone and upregulated the expression of glucocorticoid-inducible factor Tsc22d3, which blocked type I interferon (IFN) responses in dendritic cell (DC) and IFN-γ
T cell activation. Similarly, close correlations were discovered among plasma cortisol levels, TSC22D3 expression in circulating leukocytes and negative mood in patients with cancer. In murine models, exogenous glucocorticoid injection, or enforced expression of Tsc22d3 in DC was sufficient to abolish therapeutic control of tumors. Administration of a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist or DC-specific Tsc22d3 deletion reversed the negative impact of stress or glucocorticoid supplementation on therapeutic outcomes. Altogether, these results indicate that stress-induced glucocorticoid surge and Tsc22d3 upregulation can subvert therapy-induced anticancer immunosurveillance.
To address the problem that the faults in axial piston pumps are complex and difficult to effectively diagnose, an integrated hydraulic pump fault diagnosis method based on the modified ensemble ...empirical mode decomposition (MEEMD), autoregressive (AR) spectrum energy, and wavelet kernel extreme learning machine (WKELM) methods is presented in this paper. First, the non-linear and non-stationary hydraulic pump vibration signals are decomposed into several intrinsic mode function (IMF) components by the MEEMD method. Next, AR spectrum analysis is performed for each IMF component, in order to extract the AR spectrum energy of each component as fault characteristics. Then, a hydraulic pump fault diagnosis model based on WKELM is built, in order to extract the features and diagnose faults of hydraulic pump vibration signals, for which the recognition accuracy reached 100%. Finally, the fault diagnosis effect of the hydraulic pump fault diagnosis method proposed in this paper is compared with BP neural network, support vector machine (SVM), and extreme learning machine (ELM) methods. The hydraulic pump fault diagnosis method presented in this paper can diagnose faults of single slipper wear, single slipper loosing and center spring wear type with 100% accuracy, and the fault diagnosis time is only 0.002 s. The results demonstrate that the integrated hydraulic pump fault diagnosis method based on MEEMD, AR spectrum, and WKELM methods has higher fault recognition accuracy and faster speed than existing alternatives.
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•Factors affecting the polyphenol composition of fermented apple juice were presented.•Polyphenols are mainly converted into small-molecule active substances by induced enzyme.•The ...effect of fermented apple juice on non-communicable diseases were reviewed.•These small molecular weight active substances could help prevent CVD and T2DM.
Chronic non-communicable diseases are one of the major human health challenges in the 21st century. Fermented apple juice rich in polyphenols has a beneficial effect on the prevention of non-communicable diseases. This review illustrates that the fermentation process involved in biotransformation significantly changes the composition and content of polyphenols in cloudy apple juice related to apple varieties, fermentation types, and fermentation strains. The enzymatic transformation reaction converts polyphenols into small molecules phenolic compounds with higher biologically activity. These small molecular weight active substances could help prevent cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus by mediating the AMPK pathway, the Nrf2 signaling pathway, the polyol pathway, and the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, this review is intended to provide a systematic theoretical basis for researchers to further study the bioactive function of fermented apple juice for the first time.
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