•Explained the basic principles of absolute phase unwrapping methods.•Surveyed the state-of-the art absolute phase unwrapping techniques applicable to digital fringe projections.•Presented some ...effective practice to reduce unwrapping artifacts.
This paper provides a review for absolute phase recovery methods that are applicable for digital fringe projection (DFP) systems. Specifically, we present two conventional absolute phase unwrapping methods: multi-frequency or -wavelength phase-shifting methods, and hybrid binary coding and phase-shifting methods; and also introduce some non-conventional methods that are specific for DFP systems: multiview geometry methods with additional camera(s) or projector(s), DFP system geometric constraint-based phase unwrapping method, and pre-knowledge (e.g., computer-aided-design, CAD, model) based phase unwrapping method. This paper also briefly overviews hybrid methods including phase coding, composite, and pre-defined markers based absolute phase unwrapping methods. This paper explains the principle behind each individual absolute phase unwrapping method; and finally offers some practical tips to handle common phase unwrapping artifact issues.
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is present in most higher plants, but also in animals and fungi. PPO in plants had been summarized several years ago. However, recent advances in studies of PPO in plants are ...lacking. This review concludes new researches on PPO distribution, structure, molecular weights, optimal temperature, pH, and substrates. And, the transformation of PPO from latent to active state was also discussed. This state shift is a vital reason for elevating PPO activity, but the activation mechanism in plants has not been elucidated. PPO has an important role in plant stress resistance and physiological metabolism. However, the enzymatic browning reaction induced by PPO is a major problem in the production, processing, and storage of fruits and vegetables. Meanwhile, we summarized various new methods that had been invented to decrease enzymatic browning by inhibiting PPO activity. In addition, our manuscript included information on several important biological functions and the transcriptional regulation of PPO in plants. Furthermore, we also prospect some future research areas of PPO and hope they will be useful for future research in plants.
Fibrosis is the extensive deposition of fibrous connective tissue, and it is characterized by the accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Fibrosis is essential for ...wound healing and tissue repair in response to a variety of triggers, which include infection, inflammation, autoimmune disorder, degenerative disease, tumor, and injury. Fibrotic remodeling in various diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, renal interstitial fibrosis, myocardial infarction, systemic sclerosis (SSc), and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), can impair organ function, causing high morbidity and mortality. Both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in fibrogenesis. Although the roles of macrophages in fibrogenesis have been studied for many years, the underlying mechanisms concerning the manner in which T cells regulate fibrosis are not completely understood. The T cell receptor (TCR) engages the antigen and shapes the repertoire of antigen-specific T cells. Based on the divergent expression of surface molecules and cell functions, T cells are subdivided into natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells, CD8
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), regulatory T (Treg) cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, and T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In this review, we summarize the pro-fibrotic or anti-fibrotic roles and distinct mechanisms of different T cell subsets. On reviewing the literature, we conclude that the T cell regulations are commonly disease-specific and tissue-specific. Finally, we provide perspectives on microbiota, viral infection, and metabolism, and discuss the current advancements of technologies for identifying novel targets and developing immunotherapies for intervention in fibrosis and fibrotic diseases.
Ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets (NSs) are grown on Co/N‐doped graphitic carbon (NGC) nanocages, composed of Co nanoparticles surrounded by few‐layered NGC, to obtain hierarchical Co/NGC@ZnIn2S4 hollow ...heterostructures for photocatalytic H2 generation with visible light. The photoredox functions of discrete Co, conductive NGC, and ZnIn2S4 NSs are precisely combined into hierarchical composite cages possessing strongly hybridized shell and ultrathin layered substructures. Such structural and compositional virtues can expedite charge separation and mobility, offer large surface area and abundant reactive sites for water photosplitting. The Co/NGC@ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst exhibits outstanding H2 evolution activity (e.g., 11270 µmol h−1 g−1) and high stability without engaging any cocatalyst.
Hierarchical Co/N‐doped graphitic carbon (NGC)@ ZnIn2S4 heterostructured cages are fabricated by supporting ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets on Co/NGC nanocages. This delicate design can facilitate charge separation and transport as well as provide large surface area and rich active sites for water photosplitting reactions. Outstanding activity and high stability for H2 evolution under visible light are achieved without the assistance of any cocatalysts.
Summary
NAC transcription factors play important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. Previously, we identified multiple NAC genes in soybean (Glycine max). Here, we identify the ...roles of two genes, GmNAC11 and GmNAC20, in stress responses and other processes. The two genes were differentially induced by multiple abiotic stresses and plant hormones, and their transcripts were abundant in roots and cotyledons. Both genes encoded proteins that localized to the nucleus and bound to the core DNA sequence CGTG/A. In the protoplast assay system, GmNAC11 acts as a transcriptional activator, whereas GmNAC20 functions as a mild repressor; however, the C‐terminal end of GmANC20 has transcriptional activation activity. Over‐expression of GmNAC20 enhances salt and freezing tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants; however, GmNAC11 over‐expression only improves salt tolerance. Over‐expression of GmNAC20 also promotes lateral root formation. GmNAC20 may regulate stress tolerance through activation of the DREB/CBF–COR pathway, and may control lateral root development by altering auxin signaling‐related genes. GmNAC11 probably regulates DREB1A and other stress‐related genes. The roles of the two GmNAC genes in stress tolerance were further analyzed in soybean transgenic hairy roots. These results provide a basis for genetic manipulation to improve the agronomic traits of important crops.
Bacterial DNA methylation occurs at diverse sequence contexts and plays important functional roles in cellular defense and gene regulation. Existing methods for detecting DNA modification from ...nanopore sequencing data do not effectively support de novo study of unknown bacterial methylomes. In this work, we observed that a nanopore sequencing signal displays complex heterogeneity across methylation events of the same type. To enable nanopore sequencing for broadly applicable methylation discovery, we generated a training dataset from an assortment of bacterial species and developed a method, named nanodisco ( https://github.com/fanglab/nanodisco ), that couples the identification and fine mapping of the three forms of methylation into a multi-label classification framework. We applied it to individual bacteria and the mouse gut microbiome for reliable methylation discovery. In addition, we demonstrated the use of DNA methylation for binning metagenomic contigs, associating mobile genetic elements with their host genomes and identifying misassembled metagenomic contigs.
Hierarchical FeCoS2–CoS2 double‐shelled nanotubes have been rationally designed and constructed for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible light. The synthetic strategy, engaging the ...two‐step cation‐exchange reactions, precisely integrates two metal sulfides into a double‐shelled tubular heterostructure with both of the shells assembled from ultrathin two‐dimensional (2D) nanosheets. Benefiting from the distinctive structure and composition, the FeCoS2–CoS2 hybrid can reduce bulk‐to‐surface diffusion length of photoexcited charge carriers to facilitate their separation. Furthermore, this hybrid structure can expose abundant active sites for enhancing CO2 adsorption and surface‐dependent redox reactions, and harvest incident solar irradiation more efficiently by light scattering in the complex interior. As a result, these hierarchical FeCoS2–CoS2 double‐shelled nanotubes exhibit superior activity and high stability for photosensitized deoxygenative CO2 reduction, affording a high CO‐generating rate of 28.1 μmol h−1 (per 0.5 mg of catalyst).
The unique structure of hierarchical FeCoS2–CoS2 double‐shelled nanotubes constructed by ultrathin nanosheets can sufficiently inhibit recombination of electrons and holes by shortening diffusion length, exploit incident visible light by enhancing scattering in the cavity, and expose abundant active sites for redox reactions. Benefiting from these advantages, the obtained FeCoS2–CoS2 hybrid exhibits outstanding performance for CO2‐to‐CO conversion powered by solar light.
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has gained rapidly increasing attentions in recent years, however, the translation of this biotechnology into therapy has been hindered by efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 ...materials into target cells. Direct delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex consisting of Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA) has emerged as a powerful and widespread method for genome editing due to its advantages of transient genome editing and reduced off-target effects. In this review, we summarized the current Cas9 RNP delivery systems including physical approaches and synthetic carriers. The mechanisms and beneficial roles of these strategies in intracellular Cas9 RNP delivery were reviewed. Examples in the development of stimuli-responsive and targeted carriers for RNP delivery are highlighted. Finally, the challenges of current Cas9 RNP delivery systems and perspectives in rational design of next generation materials for this promising field will be discussed.
Humans can naturally and effectively find salient regions in complex scenes. Motivated by this observation, attention mechanisms were introduced into computer vision with the aim of imitating this ...aspect of the human visual system. Such an attention mechanism can be regarded as a dynamic weight adjustment process based on features of the input image. Attention mechanisms have achieved great success in many visual tasks, including image classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, video understanding, image generation, 3D vision, multimodal tasks, and self-supervised learning. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of various attention mechanisms in computer vision and categorize them according to approach, such as channel attention, spatial attention, temporal attention, and branch attention; a related repository
https://github.com/MenghaoGuo/Awesome-Vision-Attentions
is dedicated to collecting related work. We also suggest future directions for attention mechanism research.
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