Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are of great importance for modern daily life, military actions and precise instrument protection because of the complex electromagnetic ...pollution caused by explosive growth of telecommunications and electronics devices. The conductive polymer composites (CPCs) have been proved to be one of the most promising EMI shielding materials both in fundamental research and practical application due to it set of intriguing lightweight, good processability, low density, chemical stability and excellent mechanical properties. Carbon materials (e.g. graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber, carbon black) based composites have occupied a prominent position in CPCs for EMI shielding. Not only the electromagnetic pollution should be eliminated or solved, but also the pollution coming from the preparation or processing of polymers. In this regard, waterborne polymer/carbon material composites for EMI shielding can meet the demand. Waterborne polymer will affect the EMI SE performance remarkably by improving the interfacial interaction between carbon materials and polymer and further structure designing of the composite. The composite structure forms including homogeneous structures, multilayer structures, segregated structures and porous structures are mainly discussed in details in this review which may inspire the design for more environment-friendly EMI shielding materials.
Display omitted
Background
The present study was designed to investigate the function of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) in infantile pneumonia and explore the potential mechanism of the actions.
Objective
...Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with 2 mg/kg of LPS for the mice model of infantile pneumonia. A549 cells were treated with 100 ng/ml of LPS for vitro model of infantile pneumonia. Dapk1 mRNA and protein expressions in 6, 12 or 24 h after induction model of mice.
Results
Dapk1 gene increased inflammation in vitro model through activation of p38MAPK-mediated NF-κB expression. The inhibition of p38MAPK or NF-κB reduced the pro-inflammation effects of DAPK1 in infantile pneumonia.
Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that Dapk1 promoted inflammation of infantile pneumonia by p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, may be achieved inflammation by activation of p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
As a set theory-based convex model, the ellipsoidal model provides an attractive framework for treating uncertain-but-bounded variations in the structural reliability analysis and design ...optimization. However, improper modeling of the uncertainties may give rise to misleading non-probabilistic reliability analysis, thus result in either unsafe or over-conservative designs. This paper presents a systematic study on the mathematical formulation for constructing the minimum-volume ellipsoidal convex model using a given set of sample data, and shows its application in existing methods of non-probabilistic reliability analysis and design optimization of structures with bounded uncertainties. In this method, the uncertain parameters are first divided into groups according to their sources. For each individual group of uncertainties, the minimum-volume ellipsoid problem is reformulated into a semi-definite programming (SDP) problem and thus can be efficiently solved to its global optimum. Further, a linear transformation based on the eigenvalue analysis is employed to map the ellipsoidal model into a standard uncertainty space. This uncertainty modeling technique enables a compact and differentiable bound description of the parameter variations. Moreover, it has another useful property, the affine invariance, which is shown to be necessary for meaningful definition of a non-probabilistic reliability index. The effectiveness and efficiency of the present techniques for convex model construction and the corresponding reliability analysis are demonstrated with numerical examples of structural topology optimization problems with bounded variations arising from different sources.
The biological functions of sirtuin 6 (SIRT6; e.g., deacetylation, defatty‐acylation, and mono‐ADP‐ribosylation) play a pivotal role in regulating lifespan and several fundamental processes ...controlling aging such as DNA repair, gene expression, and telomeric maintenance. Over the past decades, the aberration of SIRT6 has been extensively observed in diverse life‐threatening human diseases. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the critical roles of SIRT6 in the onset and progression of human diseases including cancer, inflammation, diabetes, steatohepatitis, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections, renal and corneal injuries, as well as the elucidation of the related signaling pathways. Moreover, we discuss the advances in the development of small molecule SIRT6 modulators including activators and inhibitors as well as their pharmacological profiles toward potential therapeutics for SIRT6‐mediated diseases.
This paper re-evaluates the contributions to global food supplies of ‘aquatic animal-source food’ from aquaculture and capture fisheries, and ‘terrestrial animal-source food’ from livestock farming. ...Four common misunderstandings in the scientific and policy literature are addressed: (1) aquaculture was the fastest growing food production sector over the past three decades, (2) the growth of global aquaculture production is slowing down, (3) aquaculture has surpassed capture fisheries as the main source of fish for human consumption, and (4) production of aquatic animal-source foods has outstripped that of terrestrial animal-source food. These misunderstandings result partly from misuse of statistics: although possessing a relatively high annual growth rate in percentage terms, production of aquatic animal-source food increased from a much lower basal production level than the production of terrestrial animal-source food. Misunderstanding also arose partly from differences in the ways that aquatic and terrestrial animal-source food production are reported in global statistics. These differences systematically biased the reported gross weight of aquatic animal-source food produced globally upwards relative to that of terrestrial animal-source food. Comparing edible portions of aquatic and terrestrial animal-sources foods revealed the following four main points: first, although having a high annual growth rate in percentage terms, growth in the production of edible aquatic food has lagged far behind that of terrestrial meat by volume; second, aquaculture production has continued to increase despite a declining growth rate and is likely to do so in the future to meet the needs of an increasingly populous and affluent world; third, capture fisheries still produce more edible aquatic food than aquaculture, and fourth, global production of beef exceeds that of farmed aquatic meat. Poultry is the largest animal-source food producing sector and is growing faster than aquaculture by volume.
•Past comparisons overestimate global production of aquatic animal-sourced food.•Aquatic animal-sourced food supply is growing slower than terrestrial meat by volume.•Capture fisheries still produces more aquatic animal-sourced food than aquaculture.•Global production of beef still exceeds that of farmed aquatic animal-sourced food.•Poultry is and will likely remain the single largest source of animal-sourced food.
The engineering vision of relying on the "smart sky" for supporting air traffic and the "internet-above-the-clouds" for in-flight entertainment has become imperative for the future aircraft industry. ...Aeronautical ad hoc networking (AANET) constitutes a compelling concept for providing broadband communications above clouds by extending the coverage of air-to-ground (A2G) networks to oceanic and remote airspace via autonomous and self-configured wireless networking among commercial passenger airplanes. The AANET concept may be viewed as a new member of the family of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in action above the clouds. However, AANETs have more dynamic topologies, larger and more variable geographical network size, stricter security requirements, and more hostile transmission conditions. These specific characteristics lead to more grave challenges in aircraft mobility modeling, aeronautical channel modeling, and interference mitigation as well as in network scheduling and routing. This paper provides an overview of AANET solutions by characterizing the associated scenarios, requirements, and challenges. Explicitly, the research addressing the key techniques of AANETs, such as their mobility models, network scheduling and routing, security, and interference, is reviewed. Furthermore, we also identify the remaining challenges associated with developing AANETs and present their prospective solutions as well as open issues. The design framework of AANETs and the key technical issues are investigated along with some recent research results. Furthermore, a range of performance metrics optimized in designing AANETs and a number of representative multiobjective optimization algorithms are outlined.
China's aquaculture and the world's wild fisheries Cao, Ling; Naylor, Rosamond; Henriksson, Patrik ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
01/2015, Volume:
347, Issue:
6218
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
China is the world's largest producer, consumer, processor, and exporter of finfish and shellfish (defined here as "fish"), and its fish imports are steadily rising (1-3). China produces more than ...one-third of the global fish supply, largely from its ever-expanding aquaculture sector, as most of its domestic fisheries are overexploited (3-6). Aquaculture accounts for similar to 72% of its reported domestic fish production, and China alone contributes >60% of global aquaculture volume and roughly half of global aquaculture value (1, 3).
All-solid-state lithium ion batteries may become long-term, stable, high-performance energy storage systems for the next generation of electric vehicles and consumer electronics, depending on the ...compatibility of electrode materials and suitable solid electrolytes. Nickel-rich layered oxides are nowadays the benchmark cathode materials for conventional lithium ion batteries because of their high storage capacity and the resulting high energy density, and their use in solid-state systems is the next necessary step. In this study, we present the successful implementation of a LiNi,Co,MnO2 material with high nickel content (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, NCM-811) in a bulk-type solid-state battery with β-Li3PS4 as a sulfide-based solid electrolyte. We investigate the interface behavior at the cathode and demonstrate the important role of the interface between the active materials and the solid electrolyte for the battery performance. A passivating cathode/electrolyte interphase layer forms upon charging and leads to an irreversible first cycle capacity loss, corresponding to a decomposition of the sulfide electrolyte. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy are used to monitor this formation. We demonstrate that most of the interphase formation takes place in the first cycle, when charging to potentials above 3.8 V vs Li+/Li. The resulting overvoltage of the passivating layer is a detrimental factor for capacity retention. In addition to the interfacial decomposition, the chemomechanical contraction of the active material upon delithiation causes contact loss between the solid electrolyte and active material particles, further increasing the interfacial resistance and capacity loss. These results highlight the critical role of (electro-)chemo-mechanical effects in solid-state batteries.
We proposed a new circular photonic crystal fiber (C-PCF), which can support 14 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes transmission, with the good features of wide bandwidth, low confinement loss, and ...all OAM modes at the same size. At 1.55 μm, the designed C-PCF has a very low confinement loss of 3.434 × 10 -9 dB/m for HE41 mode and a relatively low nonlinear coefficient of 3.979 W -1 km -1 for EH 31 mode. The common bandwidth for the four orders of OAM modes is as large as 560 nm (about 1.25 μm-1.81 μm), which does cover all bands of optical fiber communication. Flat dispersion (a total dispersion variation of <;46.38 ps nm -1 km -1 over a 750-nm bandwidth from 1.25 μm to 2 μm for TE 01 mode) is another feature. With all these good features, the proposed C-PCF could be a well-promising OAM fiber for mode division multiplexing in high capacity fiber communication systems.
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and CD4
T cells produce IL-22, which is critical for intestinal immunity. The microbiota is central to IL-22 production in the intestines; however, the factors that ...regulate IL-22 production by CD4
T cells and ILCs are not clear. Here, we show that microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) promote IL-22 production by CD4
T cells and ILCs through G-protein receptor 41 (GPR41) and inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC). SCFAs upregulate IL-22 production by promoting aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) expression, which are differentially regulated by mTOR and Stat3. HIF1α binds directly to the Il22 promoter, and SCFAs increase HIF1α binding to the Il22 promoter through histone modification. SCFA supplementation enhances IL-22 production, which protects intestines from inflammation. SCFAs promote human CD4
T cell IL-22 production. These findings establish the roles of SCFAs in inducing IL-22 production in CD4
T cells and ILCs to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
PDF
