Meningiomas are common primary brain tumours, with macrophages playing a crucial role in their development and progression. This study aims to identify module genes correlated with ...meningioma-associated macrophages and analyse their correlation with clinical features and immune infiltration.
We analysed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from two paired meningioma and normal meninges to identify meningioma-associated macrophages. High-dimensional weighted gene co-expression network analysis (hdWGCNA) was employed to identify module genes linked to these macrophages, followed by functional enrichment and pseudotime trajectory analyses. A machine learning-based model using the module genes was developed to predict tumour grades. Finally, meningiomas were classified into two molecular subtypes based on the module genes, followed by a comparison of clinical characteristics and immune cell infiltration.
Meningiomas exhibited a significantly higher proportion of macrophages than normal meninges, including novel macrophage clusters referred to as meningioma-associated macrophages. The hdWGCNA analysis of macrophages within meningiomas unveiled 12 distinct modules, with the blue, black, and turquoise modules closely correlated with the meningioma-associated macrophages. Hub genes within these modules were enriched in immune regulation, cellular communication, and metabolism pathways. Machine learning analysis identified 13 module genes (RSBN1, TIPRL, ATIC, SPP1, MALSU1, CDK1, MGP, DDIT3, SUPT16H, NFKBIA, SRSF5, ATXN2L, and UBB) strongly correlated with meningioma grade and constructed a predictive model with high accuracy and robustness. Based on the module genes, meningiomas were classified into two subtypes with distinct clinical and tumour microenvironment characteristics.
Our findings provide insights into the molecular characteristics underlying macrophage infiltration in meningiomas. The molecular signatures of macrophages demonstrate correlations with clinical features and immune cell infiltration in meningiomas.
A nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication with addition of one kind of nanoparticle has several limitations, such as grinding of difficult-to-cutting materials. Hybrid nanoparticles integrate the ...properties of two or more kinds of nanoparticles, thus having better lubrication and heat transfer performances than single nanoparticle additives. However, the use of hybrid nanoparticles in nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication grinding has not been reported. This study aims to determine whether hybrid nanoparticles have better lubrication performance than pure nanoparticle. A hybrid nanofluid consisting of MoS2 nanoparticles with good lubrication effect and CNTs with high heat conductivity coefficient is investigated. The effects of the hybrid nanofluid on grinding force, coefficient of friction, and workpiece surface quality for Ni-based alloy grinding are analyzed. Results show that the MoS2/CNT hybrid nanoparticles achieve better lubrication effect than single nanoparticles. The optimal MoS2/CNT mixing ratio and nanofluid concentration are 2:1 and 6wt%, respectively.
•MoS2/CNTs nanofluids jet MQL grinding with Ni-based alloy was experimented.•MoS2/CNTs nanofluids contribute better lubrication effect compared to pure nanoparticle.•Hybrid nanoparticles have better lubrication effect caused by “physical synergistic effect”.•Experiment indicates that 2:1 is the optimum MoS2/CNTs mixing ratio.•6% is the optimal addition mass fraction of MoS2/CNTs(2:1) nanopaticles in nanofluids.
•Develop an eDNA-based method for aquatic ecological status assessment.•Both qualitative and quantitative eDNA indices were highly correlated with water pollution.•The season-dependent eDNA ...zooplankton integrity index reflected the ecological status.
Aquatic ecosystems are monitored worldwide using a range of biological quality elements that are morphologically identified. The environmental DNA (eDNA)-based approach has unprecedented advantages (e.g., high throughput, high efficiency and low cost) for biodiversity surveys in both freshwater and marine ecosystems compared with traditional sampling and image recognition. The use of eDNA has been mostly limited to biodiversity estimation, how to apply the eDNA approach in assessing the ecological health status is largely unexplored. Here, using zooplankton as an example, we examined the application of eDNA monitoring for ecological status assessment in an aquatic ecosystem. The results showed that eDNA monitoring reflected the spatial and temporal variations in zooplankton structure. Both species composition and bio-interactions varied significantly between sampling seasons (dry, normal and wet). A total of 60 different zooplankton indices were calculated based on eDNA monitoring and most of these indices were highly correlated with the level of water pollution, which was indicated by the water quality index in one or all three seasons. Both qualitative and quantitative eDNA-based biological indices were correlated with water quality. The season-dependent eDNA zooplankton integrity index (IZI) reflected the ecological status, and this method improves the timeliness of bioassessment.
Differential evolution has made great achievements in various fields such as computational sciences, engineering optimization, and operations management in the past decades. It is well known that the ...control parameter setting plays a very important role in terms of the performance improvement of differential evolution. In this paper, a differential evolution without the scale factor and the crossover probability is presented, which eliminates almost all control parameters except for the population size. The proposed algorithm looks upon each individual as a charged particle to decide on the shift of the individual in the direction of the difference based on the attraction-repulsion mechanism in Coulomb’s Law. Moreover, Taguchi’s parameter design method with the two-level orthogonal array is merged into the crossover operation in order to obtain better individuals in the next generation by means of better combination of factor levels. What is more, a new ratio of the signal-to-noise is proposed for the purpose of fair comparison of the numerical experiment for the tested functions which have an optimal value with 0. Numerical experiments show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other 5 compared algorithms for the 10 benchmark functions.
The present paper documents a comprehensive study on the ground impact of lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles. With the purpose of developing generic methodology, a hypothetic global ...finite element model is adopted. The force–displacement response of indentation process simulated by the global FE model is cross-validated with the earlier analytical solutions. The punching process after the armor plate perforation, the ensuing crack propagation of the armor plate as well as the local deformation modes of individual battery cells are clearly predicted by the global modeling. A parametric study is carried out, and a few underlying rules are revealed, providing important clues on the design of protective structure of battery packs against ground impact. In the next step, detailed FE models at the level of a single battery cell and shell casing are developed and simulations are performed using boundaries and loading conditions taken from the global solution. In the detailed modeling the failure of individual components is taken into account, which is an important indicator of electric short circuit of a battery cell and possible thermal runaway. The damage modes and the deformation tolerances of components in the battery cell under various loading conditions are observed and compared.
•A general methodology is developed for analyzing ground impact of battery pack.•Scenarios of ground impact against battery pack of electric cars are discussed.•A hypothetic global FE model is developed for ground impact of battery pack.•Parametric study is carried out for ground impact of battery pack.•Failures of individual cell and shell casing are predicted with detailed models.
Located at the skin surface, keratinocytes (KCs) are constantly exposed to external stimuli and are the first responders to invading pathogens and injury. Upon skin injury, activated KCs secrete an ...array of alarmin molecules, providing a rapid and specific innate immune response against danger signals. However, dysregulation of the innate immune response of KCs may lead to uncontrolled inflammation and psoriasis pathogenesis. Keratins (KRT) are the major structural intermediate filament proteins in KCs and are expressed in a highly specific pattern at different differentiation stages of KCs. While KRT14-KRT5 is restricted to basal proliferative KCs, and KRT10-KRT1 is restricted to suprabasal differentiated KCs in normal skin epidermis, the wound proximal KCs downregulate KRT10-K1 and upregulate KRT16/KRT17-KRT6 upon skin injury. Recent studies have recognized KRT6/16/17 as key early barrier alarmins and upregulation of these keratins alters proliferation, cell adhesion, migration and inflammatory features of KCs, contributing to hyperproliferation and innate immune activation of KCs in response to an epidermal barrier breach, followed by the autoimmune activation of T cells that drives psoriasis. Here, we have reviewed how keratins are dysregulated during skin injury, their roles in wound repairs and in initiating the innate immune system and the subsequent autoimmune amplification that arises in psoriasis.
There is a wide concern that emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) in surface water could adversely affect human health and wildlife. However, the geographic distribution, exposure pattern and ...ecological risk of emerging organic pollutants are poorly understood at a global scale. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on the exposure level of EOPs in China, the US and the EU based on the published literature. The hazard level of three categories of EOPs, namely pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides and industrial chemicals was further evaluated by adopting a novel Aquatic HazPi index that jointly accounts for the persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity and bioactivity. Furthermore, a correlation analysis of land use with the surface water exposure status regarding the synthetic chemicals was conducted. According to the published data reported between 2010 and 2016, the concentration of pesticides in the US was higher than in the EU and China. The concentration of PPCPs in the EU was generally lower than in both the US and China, while the concentration of industrial chemicals in China was higher than in the EU and the US. Among the chemicals whose median concentration in surface water was >10 ng/L, the antiretroviral Efavirenz, the pesticide Fipronil, and octocrylene, an industrial chemical and cosmetic ingredient, were found with the highest aquatic HazPi value. Lastly, the spatial distribution and concentration of hazardous EOPs was shown to depend on local landscape and land usages. Our study provides the first broad overview on the geographic distribution, exposure pattern of hazardous EOPs in the three major economic entities: China, the US and the EU.
•The exposure level of EOPs in China, the US and the EU were surveyed based on the literature.•Substances with potential P and B properties in China, the EU and the US were identified.•Hazard potential of all detected EOPs were profiled the using a weight of evidence approach by Aquatic HazPi tool.•The occurrence of EOPs categories the aquatic environment was associated with the land utilization.
•Deformation of battery materials are studied via appropriate types of micro tests.•Elastic properties of anode and cathode are measured by nanoindentation tests.•In-situ tensile tests under SEM show ...crack propagation in electrode materials.•Interrupt tests with SEM/XRD of separator show different mechanisms in 0°/45°/90°.•Deformation of separator is stretching for 0°/90° and shearing for 45°.
Understanding mechanisms of deformation of battery cell components is important in order to improve the mechanical safety of lithium-ion batteries. In this study, micro-scale deformation and failure of fully-discharged battery components including an anode, a cathode, and a separator were investigated at room temperature. Nanoindentation tests and in-situ tensile tests under scanning electron microscope (SEM) were carried out on the electrodes of a commercial battery cell in order to measure the elastic modulus of coating materials and the elastic–plastic and fracture behavior of the electrodes. Additionally, interrupted tests were conducted on a polypropylene separator and its deformation at each stage was investigated under SEM. Samples with the same size were loaded to different strains and then fully unloaded. SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were subsequently used to analyze the changes in the microstructure such as crystal orientation and pore size. From these tests, it was found that cathode and anode coatings have distinct deformation mechanisms. The cathode develops a number of micro cracks on the surface before reaching final failure, while the anode maintains its integrity until later stages of deformation. The separator also shows unique stages of deformation such as elongation of fibrils and formation of new pores until reaching final onset of failure.
Increased synthetic chemical production and diversification in developing countries caused serious aquatic pollution worldwide with emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) detected in surface water rising ...health concerns to human and aquatic ecosystem even at low ng/L concentration with long-term exposure. The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) area serves agriculture and industry for people in eastern China. However, the current knowledge on the occurrence and ecological risk of diverse EOPs which are present in the aquatic environment is limited. This study was to investigate the complexity and diversity of EOPs in surface water from 28 sampling sites, which were selected to represent urban, industrial or agriculture areas in the YRD area. In total 484 chemicals were analyze by a target screening approach using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). 181 out of 484 EOPs were detected at least one site in the YRD area, and 44 analytes, mostly industrial chemicals and pesticides, were ubiquitous at all sampling sites. Most EOPs were industrial chemicals with 1H-benzotriazole and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) as the chemicals with highest concentrations. For 21 pesticides, mostly herbicides, maximum concentrations of atrazine and isoproturon were above the annual average environmental quality standards of Europe. Amantadine and DEET were the dominant pharmceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the YRD area. Compared to urban areas (mostly in Qinhuai River), chemical profiles from industrial areas were more complex. Industrial activities likely have a strong impact on the composition of chemical mixtures in surface water from the YRD area. ISO E Super, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and clotrimazole detected in this study are potentially persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals. Furthermore, results of risk assessment showed that hazard quotients of dimethyldioctadecylammonium, didecyldimethylammonium and octocrylene were higher than one and occur frequently, which indicates possibly adverse effects on fish species in the YRD area.
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•The surface waters in the YRD area are polluted with a vast range of predominantly industrial EOPs.•44 EOPs detected in surface water from YRD area everywhere, most of them were industrial chemicals and pesticides.•ISO E Super, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and clotrimazole are potential persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals.•Dimethyldioctadecylammonium, didecyldimethylammonium and octocrylene show high risks to aquatic organisms.
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The three zones-two layers model of new-to-old concrete bonding.
•Artificial roughness was and the interfacial roughness was measured with fractal theory and three-dimensional ...reconstruction methods.•Effects of interfacial roughness on new-to-old concrete mechanical performances were investigated.•Effects of interface adhesion agents on the new-to-old concrete bonding were investigated on basis of artificial roughness.•An effect model of the new-to-old concrete bonding was established.
Concrete interfacial roughness plays a great role in contributing to the new-to-old concrete bonding. In this research, artificial roughness was created on the surface of 180-day concrete with iron combs of different-shaped saw-teeth; the morphology data of concrete interface was captured using self-created analysis equipment of laser triangulation ranging; then the morphology data was processed and reconstructed into an interface in three dimensional form with MATLAB software; the fractal dimension of the three-dimensional reconstruction interface was calculated based on the above reconstruction. Mechanical properties of new-to-old concrete bond were tested. The influence of interface roughness on new-to-old concrete bond was studied. The effects of interface adhesion agents on new-to-old concrete bond were also studied. Results show that the concrete interfacial fractal dimension is in good relevance with new-to-old concrete mechanical properties, including splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and bonding strength. If concrete interfacial fractal dimension is higher, new-to-old concrete can obtain higher mechanical strengths. The interface adhesion agents greatly improve the mechanical strength of new-to-old concrete, and result in higher bonding strengths. Different kinds of adhesion agents may have different effectiveness, and they may contribute to a different degree of increase in mechanical strength. The three zone-two layer model was established to explain the mechanism of new-to-old concrete bonding, which indicates that the transition zone between old and new concrete is the key region of the new-to-old concrete bonding. While the interfacial roughness affects the permeable layer and the interface adhesion agents improves the reaction layer, the transition zone between old and new concrete is properly improved, which contributes to a better new-to-old concrete bonding.
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