Improper layout of drainage structures and inadequate insulation measures in cold tunnels can result in varying degrees of frost formation during operation. This study focuses on the Hongtoushan ...highway tunnel as an example, where the distribution characteristics of the temperature field around the lower drainage structure under different arrangements are investigated through indoor model testing. The results indicate that there is a significant hysteresis phenomenon in temperature changes across the cross-section as the burial depth increases. With an increase in the burial depth of the surrounding rock, the hysteresis time of temperature changes gradually elongates. The temperature variation pattern can be approximated by a cubic polynomial. In the vertical section, as the tunnel depth increases, the temperature of the surrounding rock in the lower part of the tunnel gradually rises while the amplitude of temperature change diminishes. The temperature near the centerline is relatively lower compared to the sides, where the temperature gradually increases moving away from the centerline.
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and kidney distribution between Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (LLF) and wine-steamed Ligustri Lucidi ...Fructus (WLL) extracts in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats. The DN rats were induced by high-fat-sugar diet (HFSD)/streptozotocin (STZ) regimen. For pharmacodynamics, the DN rats were treated with LLF and WLL extracts to assess the anti-diabetic nephropathy effects. For pharmacokinetics and kidney distribution, the concentrations of drugs (hydroxytyrosol, salidroside, nuezhenidic acid, oleoside-11-methyl ester, specnuezhenide, 1‴-O-β-d-glucosylformoside, G13, and oleonuezhenide) were determined. Regarding the pharmacodynamics, LLF and WLL extracts decreased the levels of blood glucose, serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and 24-h urinary protein (24-h Upro) in DN rats. Furthermore, LLF and WLL extracts increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); decreased the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) in DN rats. The anti-diabetic nephropathy effect of the WLL extract was better than that of the LLF extract. Regarding the pharmacokinetic and kidney tissue distribution, there were obvious differences in the eight ingredients between LLF and WLL extracts in DN rats. LLF and WLL extracts had protective effects on DN rats, while the WLL extract was better than the LLF extract regarding anti-diabetic nephropathy effects. The pharmacokinetic parameters and kidney distribution showed that wine-steaming could affect the absorption and distribution of the eight ingredients. The results provided a reasonable basis for the study of the clinical application and processing mechanism of LLF.
The piped vehicle hydraulic transportation is a new energy-saving and environmental-friendly technique for transporting materials. To optimize the technical parameters of the piped vehicle hydraulic ...transportation, the transporting energy consumption of the technique was studied by a combination of theoretical analysis and experiments. Experiments were conducted at six piped vehicles with the diameter–length ratios of 0.4, 0.6, 0.47, 0.7, 0.53, and 0.8, seven flow Reynolds numbers of 102,140, 132,413, 167,014, 200,534, 234,037, 267,556, and 299,993, two transporting loads of 1200 and 1500 g, and three pipe layout forms of straight pipe, flat bend pipe, and inclined bend pipe. The results showed that the total energy consumption of the piped vehicle hydraulic transportation increased with increasing flow Reynolds numbers and increasing mass of transporting materials. The total transporting energy consumption of a piped vehicle with the diameter–length ratio of 0.53 was the highest, and that of a piped vehicle with the diameter–length ratio of 0.47 was the lowest. The unit transporting energy consumption of a bend pipe was higher than that of a straight pipe. Meanwhile, the total energy consumption of the piped vehicle hydraulic transportation was analyzed by hydrodynamic theory. The calculation formula for the total energy consumption of the piped vehicle hydraulic transportation was obtained and validated experimentally. The maximum relative error did not exceed 8.07%, proving that the total energy consumption calculation formula of the piped vehicle hydraulic transportation was rational. By analyzing the transporting efficiency of piped vehicle hydraulic transportation under different influencing factors, the optimal transporting combination was the piped vehicle with the diameter–length ratio of z = 0.47 and the flow Reynolds number of Re = 200,534. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the technical parameters of the piped vehicle hydraulic transportation.
The wheeled capsule hydraulic transportation is a new technique for transporting materials. In this technique, the wheeled capsule, which is designed to contain materials, is one of the core ...components. In this study, a new type of wheeled capsule structure was first designed, and then experiments were conducted at seven water discharges, eight wheeled capsule dimensions, and eight mass of transporting materials in the pipe with an inner diameter of 100 mm. The pipe in study was divided into nine parts, and the speed of the wheeled capsule in each pipeline section was analyzed. The results showed that the speeds of the wheeled capsules in different sections of the pipeline did not change significantly and basically fluctuate near the overall average speed and the maximum relative fluctuation value was ⩽ 8.6%. Therefore, the overall average speed of the wheeled capsule can be used to analyze the motion characteristics of the wheeled capsule. The average speed of the wheeled capsule increased with increasing water discharge, diminished with increasing mass of transporting materials, increased with increasing length of the wheeled capsule, and increased with increasing diameter of the wheeled capsule. The empirical formula of the average speed of the wheeled capsule with different water discharges, wheeled capsule dimensions and mass of transporting materials was obtained by the nonlinear regression method and can be expressed as
v
=
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011
(
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/
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L
+
d
)
0
.
5686
(
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/
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.
9
π
D
υ
)
0
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4606
(
0
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7740
. The empirical formula was experimentally validated. The maximum relative error did not exceed 7.05%, proving that the empirical formula of the average speed of the wheeled capsule was rational. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for designing the structure of the wheeled capsule.
In the industrial production, water exists inevitably into feed stocks in the form of impurity, and it can produce a negative effect in the hydrogenation reaction due to the preferential adsorption ...of water on active sites. Here, the surfactants (polyvinylpyrrolidone, poloxamer, polyethylene glycol and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) are used to improve physicochemical property of Cu/SiO
2
catalysts, so that Cu/SiO
2
catalysts had a good hydrogenation performance at condition containing water. The appropriate addition amount of surfactants in the catalyst preparation process effectively hindered the agglomeration of copper species by steric configuration and repulsion effect between Cu
2+
and positive ionizable, which brought about high copper dispersion and small particle size. Meanwhile, the decomposition of surfactants produced many pores during calcination, resulting in the increased of specific surface area and average pore diameter. These advantages provided more chances for reactants to touch active sites due to spatial restriction and the increase of the number of active sites, so that the negative effects of water can be counteracted. The conversion of Cu/SiO
2
catalysts, that the surfactants was added in the catalyst preparation process, increased 60% to 200% at reaction condition containing water.
CuNiAl hydrotalcites supported BiOCl were prepared by one-step synthesis for the selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceraldehyde with H
2
O
2
as oxidant. The prepared catalysts were found to be ...efficient due to the synergetic catalysis of surface oxygen vacancies, active Cu
2+
ions in the HT-lattice and abundant surface –OH groups of catalysts. The optimal glycerol conversion could reach 75.4% with 82.4% of the selectivity to glyceraldehyde. Moreover, the catalyst could be reused at least 6 times, and a possible reaction mechanism was also proposed.
Graphical Abstract
Inexpensive and environmentally friendly BiOCl/CuNiAl-HTs were synthesized by one-step for the highly selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceraldehyde. The glycerol conversion could reach 75.4% with 82.4% selectivity to GLAD. Such a highly efficient catalytic performance could be attributed to the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and the coordination of glycerol on Bi
3+
in the supported BiOCl catalyst.
A promising technique was studied towards diallyl carbonate (DAC) manufacture via urea transesterification with allyl alcohol over several metallic chlorides. It was revealed that the intermediate ...allyl carbamate (AC) was first generated via urea mono-alcoholysis with high yield, and subsequently AC further reacted with another allyl alcohol molecule to produce DAC. All the metal halides were evaluated for the overall reaction and the reaction of AC and allyl alcohol, respectively. This work found that the catalytic ability of catalysts originated from metal ions. Importantly, the highest yield of DAC could be achieved using LaCl
3
as catalyst. In addition, the activation patterns of reactants were investigated using in situ FT-IR measurement. Based on the characterization results of X-ray power diffraction and elemental analysis of the lanthanum species, separated from the reaction conduced over LaCl
3
, a possible reaction mechanism was speculated.
Graphical Abstract
Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery is recognized as a promising option for targeted treatment of atherosclerosis. In this paper, the Eulerian-Lagrangian technique is adopted to simulate the delivery ...of drug-loaded nanoparticles to patient-specific atherosclerotic plaque with the aid of an external magnetic field. Plaques and vascular walls are introduced as porous media formulated by the Darcy-Forchheimer model in this targeted transport process. The results demonstrate that the delivery efficiency of particles to atherosclerosis depends on the external magnetic field, such as configuration and intensity, in which the configuration angle of the current wire is a key factor and the double current wires have advantages over the single current wire. Meanwhile, the delivery efficiency gradually decreases as the distance between the plaque cap and the current wire increases. Further, although augmenting the current or magnetic susceptibility can generally improve the delivery efficiency of nanoparticles, this increase is not apparent when small-sized nanoparticles are employed as drug transport particles. The results obtained can potentially serve as the guideline to optimize regimens for the targeted therapy of atherosclerosis.
In this paper, we use machine learning techniques to form a cancer cell model that displays the growth and promotion of synaptic and electrical signals. Here, such a technique can be applied directly ...to the spiking neural network of cancer cell synapses. The results show that machine learning techniques for the spiked network of cancer cell synapses have the powerful function of neuron models and potential supervisors for different implementations. The changes in the neural activity of tumor microenvironment caused by synaptic and electrical signals are described. It can be used to cancer cells and tumor training processes of neural networks to reproduce complex spatiotemporal dynamics and to mechanize the association of excitatory synaptic structures which are between tumors and neurons in the brain with complex human health behaviors.
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