Deep learning methods have been widely used in hyperspectral image classification and have achieved state-of-the-art performance. Nonetheless, the existing deep learning methods are restricted by a ...limited receptive field, inflexibility, and difficult generalization problems in hyperspectral image classification. To solve these problems, we propose HSI-BERT, where BERT stands for bidirectional encoder representations from transformers and HSI stands for hyperspectral imagery. The proposed HSI-BERT has a global receptive field that captures the global dependence among pixels regardless of their spatial distance. HSI-BERT is very flexible and enables the flexible and dynamic input regions. Furthermore, HSI-BERT has good generalization ability because the jointly trained HSI-BERT can be generalized from regions with different shapes without retraining. HSI-BERT is primarily built on a multihead self-attention (MHSA) mechanism in an MHSA layer. Moreover, several attentions are learned by different heads, and each head of the MHSA layer encodes the semantic context-aware representation to obtain discriminative features. Because all head-encoded features are merged, the resulting features exhibit spatial-spectral information that is essential for accurate pixel-level classification. Quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that HSI-BERT outperforms any other CNN-based model in terms of both classification accuracy and computational time and achieves state-of-the-art performance on three widely used hyperspectral image data sets.
Photocatalytic mechanism of 2.5% Ag/AgIn5S8 photocatalyst.
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•2.5% Ag/AgIn5S8 was fabricated via solvothermal method and further photo-reduction approach.•2.5% Ag/AgIn5S8 heterojunction ...shows the highest visible-light photocatalytic activity.•The degradation pathways of TCHCl and photocatalytic mechanism were proposed.•2.5% Ag/AgIn5S8 can treat real pharmaceutical industry wastewater effectively.
The deposition of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on semiconductors has been demonstrated to be an efficient route to improve the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes due to plasma resonance effect, but the photocatalytic efficiency of the available Ag-based photocatalysts is still low and far from practical application. In this study, a novel photocatalyst with Ag NPs deposited on the surface of AgIn5S8 (Ag/AgIn5S8) was fabricated via solvothermal method and further photo-reduction approach. The amount of deposited Ag nanoparticles has an obvious effect on the charge separation and visible-light photocatalytic activity of Ag/AgIn5S8, and 2.5% Ag/AgIn5S8 nanocomposites exhibit the highest visible-light photocatalytic activity with 95.3% degradation efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCHCl) compared with that of the other samples due to the surface plasmon resonance of Ag NPs, proper bandgap of AgIn5S8 and the synergistic effect between them. The main reactive species in TCHCl degradation are OH and O2−. The possible degradation pathway of TCHCl and photocatalytic mechanism of Ag/AgIn5S8 were proposed according to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, main reactive species, and conduction band and valence band of AgIn5S8. Moreover, Ag/AgIn5S8 nanohybrids were applied to treat real pharmaceutical industry wastewater, and it was found that the mineralization efficiency and COD removal of real pharmaceutical industry wastewater can reach 56.3% and 77.6%, respectively. The above results indicate Ag/AgIn5S8 photocatalysts have a promising prospect in the treatment of real pharmaceutical industry wastewater.
We aimed to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 lock down on lifestyle in China during the initial stage of the pandemic. A questionnaire was distributed to Chinese adults living in 31 provinces of ...China via the internet using a snowball sampling strategy. Information on 7-day physical activity recall, screen time, and emotional state were collected between January 24 and February 2, 2020. ANOVA, χ² test, and Spearman's correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis. 12,107 participants aged 18-80 years were included. During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, nearly 60% of Chinese adults had inadequate physical activity (95% CI 56.6%-58.3%), which was more than twice the global prevalence (27.5%, 25.0%-32.2%). Their mean screen time was more than 4 hours per day while staying at home (261.3 ± 189.8 min per day), and the longest screen time was found in young adults (305.6 ± 217.5 min per day). We found a positive and significant correlation between provincial proportions of confirmed COVID-19 cases and negative affect scores (r = 0.501,
= 0.004). Individuals with vigorous physical activity appeared to have a better emotional state and less screen time than those with light physical activity. During this nationwide lockdown, more than half of Chinese adults temporarily adopted a sedentary lifestyle with insufficient physical activity, more screen time, and poor emotional state, which may carry considerable health risks. Promotion of home-based self-exercise can potentially help improve health and wellness.
A designed nanostructure with MoS2 nanosheets (NSs) perpendicularly grown on graphene sheets (MoS2/G) is achieved by a facile and scalable hydrothermal method, which involves adsorption of Mo7O24 6– ...on a graphene oxide (GO) surface, due to the electrostatic attraction, followed by in situ growth of MoS2. These results give an explicit proof that the presence of oxygen-containing groups and pH of the solution are crucial factors enabling formation of a lamellar structure with MoS2 NSs uniformly decorated on graphene sheets. The direct coupling of edge Mo of MoS2 with the oxygen from functional groups on GO (C–O–Mo bond) is proposed. The interfacial interaction of the C–O–Mo bonds can enhance electron transport rate and structural stability of the MoS2/G electrode, which is beneficial for the improvement of rate performance and long cycle life. The graphene sheets improve the electrical conductivity of the composite and, at the same time, act not only as a substrate to disperse active MoS2 NSs homogeneously but also as a buffer to accommodate the volume changes during cycling. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the manufactured MoS2/G electrode manifests a stable cycling performance (1077 mAh g–1 at 100 mA g–1 after 150 cycles), excellent rate capability, and a long cycle life (907 mAh g–1 at 1000 mA g–1 after 400 cycles).
Ischemic diseases, the leading cause of disability and death, are caused by the stenosis or obstruction of arterioles/capillaries that is not compensated for by vessel dilatation or collateral ...circulation. Angiogenesis is a complex process leading to new blood vessel formation and is triggered by ischemic conditions. Adequate angiogenesis, as a compensatory mechanism in response to ischemia, may increase oxygen and nutrient supplies to tissues and protect their function. Therapeutic angiogenesis has been the most promising therapy for treating ischemic diseases. In recent years, stem cell transplantation has been recognized as a new technique with therapeutic angiogenic effects on ischemic diseases. Adipose-derived stem cells, characterized by their ease of acquisition, high yields, proliferative growth, and low immunogenicity, are an ideal cell source. In this review, the characterization of adipose-derived stem cells and the role of angiogenesis in ischemic attack are summarized. The angiogenic effects of adipose-derived stem cells are discussed from the perspectives of in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical trial studies for the treatment of ischemic diseases, including ischemic cardiac, cerebral, and peripheral vascular diseases and wound healing. The microvesicles/exosomes released from adipose-derived stem cells are also presented as a novel therapeutic prospect for treating ischemic diseases.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by the narrowing of arteries that work to provide blood, nutrients, and oxygen to the myocardial tissue. The worldwide epidemic of IHD urgently requires ...innovative treatments despite the significant advances in medical, interventional, and surgical therapies for this disease. Angiogenesis is a physiological and pathophysiological process that initiates vascular growth from pre-existing blood vessels in response to a lack of oxygen. This process occurs naturally over time and has encouraged researchers and clinicians to investigate the outcomes of accelerating or enhancing this angiogenic response as an alternative IHD therapy. Therapeutic angiogenesis has been shown to revascularize ischemic heart tissue, reduce the progression of tissue infarction, and evade the need for invasive surgical procedures or tissue/organ transplants. Several approaches, including the use of proteins, genes, stem/progenitor cells, and various combinations, have been employed to promote angiogenesis. While clinical trials for these approaches are ongoing, microvesicles and exosomes have recently been investigated as a cell-free approach to stimulate angiogenesis and may circumvent limitations of using viable cells. This review summarizes the approaches to accomplish therapeutic angiogenesis for IHD by highlighting the advances and challenges that addresses the applicability of a potential pro-angiogenic medicine.
Cancer cells exhibit altered and usually increased metabolic processes to meet their high biogenetic demands
. Under these conditions, ammonia is concomitantly produced by the increased metabolic ...processing. However, it is unclear how tumour cells dispose of excess ammonia and what outcomes might be caused by the accumulation of ammonia. Here we report that the tumour suppressor p53, the most frequently mutated gene in human tumours, regulates ammonia metabolism by repressing the urea cycle. Through transcriptional downregulation of CPS1, OTC and ARG1, p53 suppresses ureagenesis and elimination of ammonia in vitro and in vivo, leading to the inhibition of tumour growth. Conversely, downregulation of these genes reciprocally activates p53 by MDM2-mediated mechanism(s). Furthermore, the accumulation of ammonia causes a significant decline in mRNA translation of the polyamine biosynthetic rate-limiting enzyme ODC, thereby inhibiting the biosynthesis of polyamine and cell proliferation. Together, these findings link p53 to ureagenesis and ammonia metabolism, and further reveal a role for ammonia in controlling polyamine biosynthesis and cell proliferation.
Cisplatin (DDP) was reported to improve pathological complete response (pCR) rates in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, however, the molecular mechanism still remains largely unknown. ...Emerging evidence suggested that some chemotherapeutic drugs played anti-tumor effects by inducing cell pyroptosis. Nevertheless, whether pyroptosis contributes to the DDP-induced anti-tumor effect in TNBC remains unexploited. In the present study, NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway was involved in the DDP-induced anti-tumor effect of TNBC
and
, providing evidence that DDP might induce pyroptosis in TNBC. Moreover, DDP activated NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway by up-regulating the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3). Furthermore, knockdown of MEG3 not only partly abolished the activation effect of DDP on NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway-mediated pyroptosis, but also reversed the suppression of DDP on tumor growth and metastasis ability
and
further confirming that MEG3 may partially mediate the pyroptotic signaling upon DDP treatment. Thus, our data uncovered a novel mechanism that DDP induced pyroptosis via activation of MEG3/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway in TNBC to exert anti-tumor effects, which may help to develop new strategies for the therapeutic interventions in TNBC.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) separator with highly developed porous structure is facilely prepared by a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) wet-process and investigated in lithium-ion batteries. ...In this method, deionized water and ethanol are used as solvent and non-solvent for PVA material, respectively, and no pore forming additives are employed. Systematical investigations including morphology characterization, porosity measurement, electrolyte contact angle testing, electrolyte uptake/retention examination, and thermal shrinkage testing are carried out. The results demonstrate that this PVA separator possesses notable features, such as uniform and porous surface morphology, symmetric interconnected porous structure all through the separator thickness, and excellent electrolyte wettability, thus resulting in superior electrolyte adsorption/retention capacity, lower thermal shrinkage, and higher ionic conductivity, in comparison to the commercial polypropylene (PP) separator. Based on the above advantages, the PVA separator exhibits better electrochemical performances, such as the discharge C-rate capability and cycling performance, as compared to PP separator. This research presents a low-cost and environment-friendly approach to prepare a high performance separator, which is demonstrated to be a good candidate for lithium-ion batteries.
•PVA separator with sponge-like structure was facilely prepared by the NIPS method.•The separator exhibits excellent thermal-resistance and electrolyte wettability.•The cell with this separator shows better C-rate capability and cycling performance.•This is a low-cost and environment-friendly approach to prepare separators for LIBs.
With the potential wide uses of nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes in biomedical applications, and the growing concerns of nanotoxicity of these engineered nanoparticles, the importance of ...nanoparticle–protein interactions cannot be stressed enough. In this study, we use both experimental and theoretical approaches, including atomic force microscope images, fluorescence spectroscopy, CD, SDS-PAGE, and molecular dynamics simulations, to investigate the interactions of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with human serum proteins, and find a competitive binding of these proteins with different adsorption capacity and packing modes. The π-π stacking interactions between SWCNTs and aromatic residues (Trp, Phe, Tyr) are found to play a critical role in determining their adsorption capacity. Additional cellular cytotoxicity assays, with human acute monocytic leukemia cell line and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, reveal that the competitive bindings of blood proteins on the SWCNT surface can greatly alter their cellular interaction pathways and result in much reduced cytotoxicity for these protein-coated SWCNTs, according to their respective adsorption capacity. These findings have shed light toward the design of safe carbon nanotube nanomaterials by comprehensive preconsideration of their interactions with human serum proteins.
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