Based mainly on field geological observation and geochronologic data, six tectonic units have been recognized in western Inner Mongolia (China), including, from south to north: North China Craton ...(NCC), Southern Orogenic Belt (SOB), Hunshandake Block (HB), Northern Orogenic Belt (NOB), South Mongolia microcontinent (SMM), and Southern margin of Ergun Block (SME), suggesting that the tectonic framework of the CAOB in western Inner Mongolia is characterized by an accretion of different blocks and orogenic belts. The SOB includes, from north to south, fold belt, mélange, arc-pluton belt, and retroarc foreland basin, representing a southern subduction–collision system between the NCC and HB blocks during 500–440Ma. The NOB consists also of four units: arc-pluton belt, mélange, foreland molasse basin, and fold belt, from north to south, representing a northern subduction–collision system between the HB and SMM blocks during 500–380Ma. From the early Paleozoic, the Paleo-Asian oceanic domains subducted to the north and the south, resulting in the forming of the SOB and the NOB in 410Ma and 380Ma, respectively. This convergent orogenic system, therefore, constrained the consumption process of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in western Inner Mongolia. A double subduction–collision accretionary process is the dominant geodynamic feature for the eastern part of the CAOB during the early to middle Paleozoic.
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► We describe a Southern and a Northern orogenic belts in western Inner Mongolia. ► They constitute a middle Paleozoic convergent orogenic system. ► A double subduction–collision process led to closure of eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean.
Watchman Nee (Ni Tuosheng, 1903–1972), one of the most prominent theologians in Republican China (1911–1949), developed a “spiritual theology” that is concentrated on the work of the Holy Spirit. ...This theological perspective shares parallels with Pentecostal-Charismatic theology. This paper examines Nee’s attitude toward Pentecostalism and the charismatic experience. First, based on his teaching of the three-stage work of the Holy Spirit, Nee argued that the inner guidance of the Holy Spirit was more important than any external manifestation and that the “baptism of the Holy Spirit” in the Pentecostal-Charismatic movement was not a personal experience that Christians should pursue. Second, in terms of subjective experience, Nee’s trichotomous view of human nature as consisting of spirit, soul, and body suggested that many charismatic experiences originate in the soul and need to be overcome. Third, concerning the spiritual world, Nee regarded as the work of evil spirits those charismatic experiences that occur in irrational and unconscious situations. Nee’s negative stance towards Pentecostalism and the charismatic experience serves as a means of distinguishing his spiritual theology from Pentecostalist-Charismatic movements. Both Nee’s theology and his church practices reveal a strong elitist element, in stark contrast to Pentecostalism.
Various methods have been exploited to replicate nacre features into artificial structural materials with impressive structural and mechanical similarity. However, it is still very challenging to ...produce nacre-mimetics in three-dimensional bulk form, especially for further scale-up. Herein, we demonstrate that large-sized, three-dimensional bulk artificial nacre with comprehensive mimicry of the hierarchical structures and the toughening mechanisms of natural nacre can be facilely fabricated via a bottom-up assembly process based on laminating pre-fabricated two-dimensional nacre-mimetic films. By optimizing the hierarchical architecture from molecular level to macroscopic level, the mechanical performance of the artificial nacre is superior to that of natural nacre and many engineering materials. This bottom-up strategy has no size restriction or fundamental barrier for further scale-up, and can be easily extended to other material systems, opening an avenue for mass production of high-performance bulk nacre-mimetic structural materials in an efficient and cost-effective way for practical applications.Artificial materials that replicate the mechanical properties of nacre represent important structural materials, but are difficult to produce in bulk. Here, the authors exploit the bottom-up assembly of 2D nacre-mimetic films to fabricate 3D bulk artificial nacre with an optimized architecture and excellent mechanical properties.
As an important part of industrial application (IA), the wireless sensor network (WSN) has been an active research area over the past few years. Due to the limited energy and communication ability of ...sensor nodes, it seems especially important to design a routing protocol for WSNs so that sensing data can be transmitted to the receiver effectively. An energy-balanced routing method based on forward-aware factor (FAF-EBRM) is proposed in this paper. In FAF-EBRM, the next-hop node is selected according to the awareness of link weight and forward energy density. Furthermore, a spontaneous reconstruction mechanism for local topology is designed additionally. In the experiments, FAF-EBRM is compared with LEACH and EEUC, experimental results show that FAF-EBRM outperforms LEACH and EEUC, which balances the energy consumption, prolongs the function lifetime and guarantees high QoS of WSN.
Extreme cavitation scenarios, such as water column separations in hydraulic systems during transient processes caused by large cavitation bubbles, can lead to catastrophic destruction. In the present ...paper, we study the onset criteria and dynamics of large cavitation bubbles in a tube. A new cavitation number $Ca_2 = {l^*}^{-1} Ca_0$ is proposed to describe the maximum length $L_{max}$ of the cavitation bubble, where $l^*$ is a non-dimensional length of the water column indicating its slenderness, and $Ca_0$ is the classic cavitation number. Combined with the onset criteria for acceleration-induced cavitation ($Ca_1<1$, Pan et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 114, 2017, pp. 8470–8474), we show that the occurrence of large cylindrical cavitation bubbles requires both $Ca_2<1$ and $Ca_1<1$ simultaneously. We also establish a Rayleigh-type model for the dynamics of large cavitation bubbles in a tube. The bubbles collapse at a finite end speed, and the time from the maximum bubble size to collapse is $T_c=\sqrt {2}\sqrt {lL_{max}}\sqrt {{\rho }/{p_\infty }}$, where $l$ is the length of the water column, $L_{max}$ is the maximum bubble length, $\rho$ is the liquid density and $p_{\infty }$ is the reference pressure in the far field. The analytical results are validated against systematic experiments using a modified ‘tube-arrest’ apparatus, which can decouple acceleration and velocity. The results in the current work can guide design and operation of hydraulic systems encountering transient processes.
•A novel throttling strategy is proposed for adiabatic compressed air energy storage.•The throttling strategy is based on an ejector.•Proposed energy storage system is more efficient and economic ...than the conventional one.•The performance of ejector is stable and hardly affected by the ambient.
Adiabatic compressed air energy storage presents a valuable and environmentally friendly option for massive energy storage. Currently, efficiencies are approximately 70%, in part due to the issue of exergy losses during the air throttling. To enhance the performance of the system, a novel adiabatic compressed air energy storage is proposed using a new throttling strategy with an additional ejector. The compressed air in the storage vessels has been divided into three parts with different pressures. The part of compressed air with highest pressure is regarded as primary fluid of ejector to compress the part of air with lowest pressure in the other storage vessel to an intermediate pressure. Hence the inlet pressure of high pressure turbine enhanced, results in the system efficiency improves. The thermodynamic analysis including energy analysis, exergy analysis and the parametric analysis are evaluated by using steady-state mathematical model and thermodynamic laws. The calculations show that the round trip efficiency improves nearly 2% and the profit increases by more than 21% compared to the conventional adiabatic compressed air energy storage system. Meanwhile, a parametric analysis is also carried out to evaluate the effects of several key parameters on the system performance of the proposed adiabatic compressed air energy storage system.
Design concept evaluation is a huge challenge in the R&D stage of new product development. The information in the assessments often depends on the decision-makers' individual preferences. However, ...sometimes the decision-makers cannot give precise and complete information because it is very difficult for them to be familiar with all the criteria. In this situation, an incomplete information decision-making matrix is established. In this paper, decision-making methods based on incomplete information are compared in the literature review. Incomplete information determination method using trust mechanism is proved as a proper way to solve this problem, and the missing information are computed based on the alternatives However, in design concept evaluation, experts commonly provide their preferences using linguistic words according to the different attributes. Hence, we propose a three-step Multiple Attributes Group Decision-making (MAGDM) method where the missing value are determined by attributes. In step one, a data repairing method is proposed based on trust theory. After that, in step two, a comprehensive weight determination method combining AHP and entropy is proposed to obtain the weight of index attributes. Finally, the Rough-TOPSIS method is applied in the design scheme ranking step. In the case study, the proposed method is implemented in a tourism product design process to show its effectiveness.
•A new tectonic division of the Xing’an–Mongolia orogenic belt (XMOB) in north China has been presented.•Four blocks and four sutures have been recognized in the XMOB.•The XMOB belongs to a ...pre-middle Devonian multiple orogenic belt in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB).
A new tectonic division of the Xing’an–Mongolia orogenic belt (XMOB) in north China has been presented according to our research and a lot of new data of tectonics, geochronology and geochemistry. Four blocks and four sutures have been recognized in the XMOB, including the Erguna (EB), Xing’an–Airgin Sum (XAB), Songliao–Hunshandake (SHB), and Jiamusi (JB), and Xinlin–Xiguitu (XXS), Xilinhot–Heihe (XHS), Mudanjiang (MS) and Ondor Sum–Yongji sutures (OYS). The framework of the XMOB is characterized by a tectonic collage of the blocks and orogenic belts between them. Different Precambrian basements have been found in the blocks, including the Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and plutons in the EB, the Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks in western and eastern of segments of the XAB, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks in middle segments of the XAB, respectively, the Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and Mesoproterozoic volcanic rocks and plutons in the SHB, and Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks in the JB. The XXS resulted from a northwestward subduction of the XAB beneath the EB during the Cambrian, which was followed by the forming of the XHS and OYS in the northwest and south margins of the SHB in the Silurian, respectively. The MS was caused by a westward subduction of the JB beneath the east margin of the SHB during the middle Devonian. The three Cambrian, Silurian and middle Devonian events indicate that the XMOB belongs to a pre-middle Devonian multiple orogenic belt in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Forming of the XMOB suggests that the southeast part of the Paleo Asian Ocean closed before the middle Devonian.
The three-dimensional time-resolved Lagrangian particle tracking (3D TR-LPT) technique has recently advanced flow diagnostics by providing high spatiotemporal resolution measurements under the ...Lagrangian framework. To fully exploit its potential, accurate and robust data processing algorithms are needed. These algorithms are responsible for reconstructing particle trajectories, velocities, and differential quantities (e.g., pressure gradients, strain- and rotation-rate tensors, and coherent structures) from raw LPT data. In this paper, we propose a 3D divergence-free Lagrangian reconstruction method, where three foundation algorithms—constrained least squares (CLS), stable radial basis function (RBF-QR), and partition-of-unity method (PUM)—are integrated into one comprehensive reconstruction strategy. Our method, named CLS-RBF PUM, is able to (1) directly reconstruct flow fields at scattered data points, avoiding Lagrangian-to-Eulerian data conversions; (2) assimilate the flow diagnostics in Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions to achieve high-accuracy reconstruction; (3) process large-scale LPT datasets with more than hundreds of thousand particles in two dimensions (2D) or 3D; (4) enable inter-frame and inter-particle interpolation while imposing physical constraints (e.g., divergence-free for incompressible flows) at arbitrary time and locations. Validation based on synthetic and experimental LPT data confirm that our method can achieve the above advantages with accuracy and robustness.
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