Climate models suffer from longstanding precipitation biases, much of which has been attributed to their atmospheric component owing to unrealistic parameterizations. Here we investigate ...precipitation biases in 37 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (AMIP6) models, focusing on the Indo‐Pacific region during boreal summer. These models remain plagued by considerable precipitation biases, especially over regions of strong precipitation. In particular, 22 models overestimate the Asian‐Pacific monsoon precipitation, while 28 models underestimate the southern Indian Ocean Intertropical Convergence Zone precipitation. The inter‐model spread in summer precipitation is decomposed into Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs). The leading EOF mode features an anomalous anticyclone circulation spanning the Indo‐northwest Pacific oceans, which we show is energized by barotropic conversion from the confluence of the background monsoonal westerlies and trade‐wind easterlies. Our results suggest precipitation biases in atmospheric models, though caused by unrealistic parameterizations, are organized by dynamical feedbacks of the mean flow.
Plain Language Summary
The Indo‐Pacific monsoonal rainfall provides life‐supporting water to billions of people living in the region, and its associated latent heating drives changes in atmospheric circulation further affecting weather across the globe. The realistic simulation of rainfall over this important region remains challenging for generations of climate models. Many studies point to atmospheric models being the primary culprit, which motivates us to investigate the Indo‐Pacific monsoonal rainfall simulated by the latest generation of atmospheric models in the sixth Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP6). We find that models examined here continue to struggle with, to various degree, simulating the observed distribution of Indo‐Pacific monsoonal rainfall. We further find that variations in simulated rainfall among the AMIP6 models are not simply linked to their different model physics as previously thought, but are also strongly regulated by the atmospheric circulation over the Indo‐northwest Pacific.
Key Points
AMIP6 models remain plagued by large precipitation biases in the tropical Indo‐Pacific region during summer with large inter‐model spread
This inter‐model spread is dominated by an anomalous anticyclone (AAC) circulation over the northwest Pacific
This AAC arises via barotropic energy conversion from mean circulation and is energized by convective feedbacks
•Zinc ion performed significant inhibition on Anammox process.•AAOB had self-adaption to elevated Zn (II) in 1–10 mg L−1.•The irreversible suppression threshold on AAOB was 20 mg L−1 Zn (II).•Zn (II) ...addition led to the biodiversity increase of Anammox system.•Relative abundance of AAOB significantly rebounded after long-term acclimatization.
Nitrogen removal by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) has attracted increasing attention in nowadays. An Anammox biofilter was subjected to a continuous loading of elevated Zn (II). The influence of Zn (II) on the nitrogen removal, microbial community and biofilm property was investigated in the condition of 23–26 °C and 3.5 h HRT. The nitrogen removal greatly decreased to 0.054 from the initial 0.502 kg m−3 d−1, with the Zn (II) addition. Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AAOB) had self-adaption to Zn (II) in 1–10 mg L−1 and was significantly enhanced after long-term acclimatization, while the suppression threshold was 20 mg L−1. Soluble microbial products (SMP) increased correspondingly with Zn (II), while extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) climbed up initially and then decreased. Anammox biofilm performed the highest zinc adsorption as 158.27 mg g−1 SS in biofilm. High Zn (II) improved the microbial diversity and lowered the Candidatus Kuenenia abuandance to 1.38% from 20.89%.
Purpose
Epigenetic regulation plays critical roles in cancer progression, and high-frequency mutations or expression variations in epigenetic regulators have been frequently observed in ...tumorigenesis, serving as biomarkers and targets for cancer therapy. Here, we aimed to explore the function of epigenetic regulators in breast cancer.
Methods
The mutational landscape of epigenetic regulators in breast cancer samples was investigated based on datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas. The Kaplan–Meier method was used for survival analysis. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in MCF-7 cells transfected with control siRNA or KMT2C siRNA was performed. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to validate the RNA-seq results.
Results
Among the 450 epigenetic regulators, KMT2C was frequently mutated in breast cancer samples. The tumor mutational burden (TMB) was elevated in breast cancer samples with KMT2C mutations or low KMT2C mRNA levels compared to their counterparts with wild-type KMT2C or high KMT2C mRNA levels. Somatic mutation and low expression of KMT2C were independently correlated with the poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of the breast cancer samples, respectively. RNA-seq analysis combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation and qRT-PCR assays revealed that the depletion of KMT2C remarkably affected the expression of DNA damage repair-related genes. More importantly, the low expression of KMT2C was related to breast cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy and longer OS of breast cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy.
Conclusion
We conclude that KMT2C could serve as a potential biomarker of prognosis and chemotherapy sensitivity by affecting the DNA damage repair-related genes of breast cancer.
It has been demonstrated that circ_0001874 and circ_0001971 are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of oral squamous carcinoma (OSCC). MiR-186 was reported to serve as a tumor suppressor in OSCC, ...and the down-regulation of miR-186 was reported to lead to higher expression of oncogenic factor SHP2 and the activation of growth promoting signaling. In this study, we aimed to explore the possible molecular role of circ_0001874 and circ_0001971 signaling in the pathogenesis of OSCC. RT-qPCR, Western blot, online bioinformatics tools and luciferase assay were utilized to study the molecular signaling pathways of circ_0001874 and circ_0001971. MTT assay and FCM assay were performed to investigate the synergistic effect of circ_0001971 and circ_0001874 on cell proliferation and apoptosis. By observing the effect of different miRNAs on the levels of circ_0001847 and circ_0001971, it was identified that circ_0001847 and circ_0001971 respectively sponged the expression of miR-296 and miR-186 via binding to these miRNAs. Also, SHP2 mRNA and PLK1 mRNA were respectively targeted by miR-186 and miR-296-5p. We also established two signaling pathways, i.e., circ_0001971/miR-186/SHP2 and circ_0001874/miR-296-5p/PLK1, and validated the synergistic effect of circ_0001971 and circ_0001874 via observing their positive effect on cell proliferation and negative effect on cell apoptosis. The expression of miR-186 and miR-296-5p was generally lower in saliva of OSCC patients compared with that in OLK patients, while the expression of miR-186 and miR-296-5p was specifically up-regulated in saliva of OSCC patients. In conclusion, the finding of this study demonstrated that the relative level of hsa_circ_0001971 and hsa_circ_0001874 were different in the saliva of OSCC patients and could be used as predictive biomarkers for the development of OSCC. Furthermore, oncogenic effects of hsa_circ_0001971 and hsa_circ_0001874 in the development of OSCC might be, at least partially, mediated by its downstream signaling pathways including hsa_circ_0001971/microRNA-186/SHP2 and hsa_circ_0001874/microRNA-297/PLK1.
During the use of diamond multi-wire sawing machine, tension of diamond wire has an important impact on the quality of silicon wafer. In this paper, ADAMS is used to simulate the tension of diamond ...wire during the operation of machine, and results are verified by experiments. The general law of tension fluctuation of diamond wire in the operation of diamond multi-wire sawing machine is obtained, and the methods of controlling tension fluctuation are put forward. The proposed method is verified by simulation and experiments, and the conclusion of controlling tension fluctuation is obtained. It is helpful to reduce the broken probability of diamond wire, prolong the service life of diamond wire, and improve the use efficiency of diamond wire.
The past four decades have seen an increase of terrestrial hot extremes during summer in the northern extratropics, accompanied by the Northern Hemisphere (NH) sea surface temperature (SST) warming ...(mainly over 10°–70°N, 0°–360°) and CO
2
concentration rising. This study aims to understand possible causes for the increasing hot extremes, which are defined on a daily basis. We conduct a series of numerical experiments using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 model for two periods, 1979–1995 and 2002–2018. The experiment by changing the CO
2
concentration only with the climatological SST shows less increase of hot extremes days than that observed, whereas that by changing the NH SST (over 10°–70°N, 0°–360°) with constant CO
2
concentration strengthens the hot extremes change over mid-latitudes. The experiment with both SST and CO
2
concentration changes shows hot extremes change closer to the observation compared to the single-change experiments, as well as more similar simulations of atmospheric circulations and feedbacks from cloud and radiative processes. Also discussed are roles of natural variability (e.g., Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation) and other factors (e.g., Arctic sea ice and tropical SST).
As an important part of the second defense line of the power system, the Security and Stability Control System (SSCS) is of great significance to ensure the reliable operation of the power system. ...However, SSCS still lacks an effective security mechanism and is easily accessed by attackers, thus posing a threat to the stable and reliable operation of the power system. To tackle this issue, we propose a blockchain-based identity authentication scheme for Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) of SSCS. We first propose an identity authentication system model for IEDs and design the deployment of consortium chain nodes on IEDs, with architectural characteristics of SSCS and the working scenario of IEDs taken into consideration. The consortium chain is used to store credentials required for authentication, ensuring that they are tamper-proof. We combine IP address, port number and physical ID, and propose the unique identification of IEDs, with a data structure designed for the identification. We also propose a lightweight identity authentication method based on renewable hash chains, with hash chains used as one-time authentication passwords, and introduce a renewal mechanism of hash chains. Further, the detailed processes of registration and authentication phase are designed. Finally, the security analysis shows that our identity authentication scheme can resist various attacks, and the feasibility of our scheme is verified by experiments.
Trogocytosis occurs when one cell contacts and quickly nibbles another cell and is characterized by contact between living cells and rapid transfer of membrane fragments with functional integrity. ...Many immune cells are involved in this process, such as T cells, B cells, NK cells, APCs. The transferred membrane molecules including MHC molecules, costimulatory molecules, receptors, antigens, etc. An increasing number of studies have shown that trogocytosis plays an important role in the immune system and the occurrence of relevant diseases. Thus, whether trogocytosis is a friend or foe of the immune system is puzzling, and the precise mechanism underlying it has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we provide an integrated view of the acquired findings on the connections between trogocytosis and the immune system.
Colorimetric characterization is the basis of color information management in color imaging systems. In this paper, we propose a colorimetric characterization method based on kernel partial least ...squares (KPLS) for color imaging systems. This method takes the kernel function expansion of the three-channel response values (RGB) in the device-dependent space of the imaging system as input feature vectors, and CIE-1931 XYZ as output vectors. We first establish a KPLS color-characterization model for color imaging systems. Then we determine the hyperparameters based on nested cross validation and grid search; a color space transformation model is realized. The proposed model is validated with experiments. The CIELAB, CIELUV and CIEDE2000 color differences are used as evaluation metrics. The results of the nested cross validation test for the ColorChecker SG chart show that the proposed model is superior to the weighted nonlinear regression model and the neural network model. The method proposed in this paper has good prediction accuracy.
During the traumatic brain injury (TBI), improved expression of circulatory miR-21 serves as a diagnostic feature. Low levels of exosome-miR-21 in the brain can effectively improve neuroinflammation ...and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, reduce nerve apoptosis, restore neural function and ameliorate TBI. We evaluated the role of macrophage derived exosomes-miR-21 (M-Exos-miR-21) in disrupting BBB, deteriorating TBI, and Rg1 interventions. IL-1β-induced macrophages (IIM)-Exos-miR-21 can activate NF-κB signaling pathway and induce the expressions of MMP-1, -3 and -9 and downregulate the levels of tight junction proteins (TJPs) deteriorating the BBB. Rg1 reduced miR-21-5p content in IIM-Exos (RIIM-Exos). The interaction of NMIIA–HSP90 controlled the release of Exos-miR-21, this interaction was restricted by Rg1. Rg1 could inhibit the Exos-miR-21 release in peripheral blood flow to brain, enhancing TIMP3 protein expression, MMPs proteolysis, and restricting TJPs degradation thus protected the BBB integrity. Conclusively, Rg1 can improve the cerebrovascular endothelial injury and hold the therapeutic potential against TBI disease.
Rg1 improves cerebral vascular endothelial injury, protects blood–brain barrier and possess therapeutic potential against traumatic brain injury. It restricts the interaction of NMIIA–HSP90 in macrophages resulting in circumscribed secretion of exosome-miR-21 towards brain. Display omitted
PDF
