Abstract
Object GRB 221009A is the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected in more than 50 yr of study. In this paper, we present observations in the X-ray and optical domains obtained by the ...GRANDMA Collaboration and the Insight Collaboration. We study the optical afterglow with empirical fitting using the GRANDMA+HXMT-LE data sets augmented with data from the literature up to 60 days. We then model numerically using a Bayesian approach, and we find that the GRB afterglow, extinguished by a large dust column, is most likely behind a combination of a large Milky Way dust column and moderate low-metallicity dust in the host galaxy. Using the GRANDMA+HXMT-LE+XRT data set, we find that the simplest model, where the observed afterglow is produced by synchrotron radiation at the forward external shock during the deceleration of a top-hat relativistic jet by a uniform medium, fits the multiwavelength observations only moderately well, with a tension between the observed temporal and spectral evolution. This tension is confirmed when using the augmented data set. We find that the consideration of a jet structure (Gaussian or power law), the inclusion of synchrotron self-Compton emission, or the presence of an underlying supernova do not improve the predictions. Placed in the global context of GRB optical afterglows, we find that the afterglow of GRB 221009A is luminous but not extraordinarily so, highlighting that some aspects of this GRB do not deviate from the global known sample despite its extreme energetics and the peculiar afterglow evolution.
Aim
To examine the association between depression and impaired glucose regulation, newly diagnosed diabetes and previously diagnosed diabetes in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese people, and whether ...depression was associated with different treatment regimens or durations of diabetes.
Methods
A cross‐sectional study was performed among 229 047 adults living in the community aged ≥ 40 years from 25 centres in China. The self‐reported depression rating scale Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ–9) was used to diagnose probable and sub‐threshold depression. Glucose metabolism status was determined according to World Health Organization 1999 diagnostic criteria.
Results
The numbers of participants with normal glucose regulation, impaired glucose regulation, newly diagnosed diabetes and previously diagnosed diabetes were 120 458, 59 512, 24 826 and 24 251, respectively. The prevalence of sub‐threshold depression in the total sample of participants was 4.8% (4.8%, 4.8%, 4.4% and 5.6% from normal glucose regulation to previously diagnosed diabetes, respectively), and the prevalence of probable depression was 1.1% (1.1%, 1.0%, 0.9% and 1.8% from normal glucose regulation to previously diagnosed diabetes, respectively). Compared with participants with normal glucose regulation, those with previously diagnosed diabetes had increased odds of probable depression odds ratio (OR) = 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39–1.87 and sub‐threshold depression (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.24), after adjustment for multiple confounding factors. Newly diagnosed diabetes or impaired glucose regulation was not associated with depression. Among those with previously diagnosed diabetes, insulin treatment was associated with greater odds of depression compared with no treatment or oral anti‐diabetic medicine.
Conclusion
Previously diagnosed diabetes, but not newly diagnosed diabetes or impaired glucose regulation, was associated with a higher prevalence of depression. Patients receiving insulin were more likely to have depression than those not receiving treatment or being treated with oral anti‐diabetic medicine.
What's new?
Using a nationwide sample of middle‐aged and elderly Chinese people, we showed that patients with previously diagnosed diabetes had a higher prevalence of depression, compared with those with normal glucose regulation. Newly diagnosed diabetes or impaired glucose regulation were not associated with depression.
Patients with diabetes treated with insulin had greater odds of suffering from depression than those who were treated with oral medicine or were untreated. Duration of diabetes was not associated with depression, after accounting for the role of different treatments.
We present optical observations of an SN 2002cx-like supernova SN 2013en in UGC 11369, spanning from a phase near maximum light (t = + 1 d) to t = + 60 d with respect to the R-band maximum. Adopting ...a distance modulus of μ = 34.11 ± 0.15 mag and a total extinction (host galaxy+Milky Way) of A
V ≈ 1.5 mag, we found that SN 2013en peaked at MR
≈ −18.6 mag, which is underluminous compared to the normal SNe Ia. The near maximum spectra show lines of Si ii, Fe ii, Fe iii, Cr ii, Ca ii and other intermediate-mass and iron group elements which all have lower expansion velocities (i.e. ∼ 6000 km s− 1). The photometric and spectroscopic evolution of SN 2013en is remarkably similar to those of SN 2002cx and SN 2005hk, suggesting that they are likely to be generated from a similar progenitor scenario or explosion mechanism.
We performed the broadband (1-100 keV) spectral analysis of the first Galactic Be ultraluminous X-ray pulsar (BeULX) Swift J0243.6+6124 observed by Insight-HXMT during the 2017−2018 outburst. The ...results show spectral transitions at two typical luminosities, roughly consistently with those reported previously via pure timing analysis. We find that the spectrum evolves and becomes softer and has higher cutoff energies until the luminosity reaches L1 (∼1.5 × 1038 erg s−1). Afterwards the spectrum becomes harder with lower cutoff energies until the luminosity increases to L2 (∼4.4 × 1038 erg s−1), around which the second spectral transition occurs. Beyond L2, the spectrum softens again and has larger cutoff energies. Similar behaviors were observed previously in other high-mass X-ray binary systems (HMXBs), especially for the second transition at higher luminosities, which is believed to have a correlation with the magnetic field of the harbored neutron star. Accordingly, we speculate that Swift J0243.6+6124 owns a neutron star with magnetic field strength >1013 G. The spectral transition at around L1 of Swift J0243.6+6124 is first observed thoroughly for any HMXB outburst characterized by strong evolution of the thermal component: the temperature of the blackbody drops sharply accompanied by a sudden increase of the blackbody radius. These spectral transitions can in principle be understood in a general scenario of balancing the emission patterns between the pencil and the fan beams at the magnetic pole, for which the extreme brightness of Swift J0243.6+6124 may provide an almost unique lab to probe the details.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive factors for relapse of IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) and observe the long‐term clinical outcomes in patients with IgG4‐RD.
Methods
...We included in the present analysis 122 patients who were newly diagnosed with IgG4‐RD, treated with glucocorticoid (GC) monotherapy or GC and immunosuppressant combination therapy, and followed for at least 3 years. Clinical relapse, response and side effects were recorded.
Results
The cumulative relapse rates of patients in this study were 10.66%, 22.95% and 27.87% at 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. Complete drug withdrawal was an independent risk factor for disease relapse. Higher serum IgG4 concentrations, involvement of more organs, higher IgG4 RI scores and elevation of eosinophils at baseline were closely associated with disease relapse. Re‐elevation of serum IgG4 concentrations and low GC maintenance dosage during the follow‐up period were significantly associated with clinical relapse. The GC dosage should be more than 6.25 mg day−1 as monotherapy during the maintenance stage; moreover, combining with immunosuppressants can reduce the GC dosage. Adding GC or immunosuppressants for patients with re‐elevation of serum IgG4 levels could prevent later disease relapse. No serious complications were noted during long‐term follow‐up.
Conclusions
The combination of GC with immunosuppressants was more effective than GC monotherapy during the steroid tapering and maintenance stages. Higher serum IgG4 levels, involvement of more organs, higher IgG4 RI scores, history of allergy, eosinophil elevation at baseline, re‐elevation of serum IgG4 levels and lower GC maintenance dosage at follow‐up might be predictive of relapse.
•Damage of rock tunnel subject to blast-induced shock wave is modeled with UDEC.•Effects of joint properties on tunnel damage are investigated.•Effects of initial stress and scaled distance on tunnel ...damage are determined.•Bolt supporting to tunnel stability is modeled.•Modeling results are compared with other available data.
In this study, numerical modeling on the damage of existing circular tunnel subject to blast-induced shock wave was carried out with DEM-based code UDEC. The disturbed zones including failure zones, open zones and shear zones around circular tunnel and peak particle velocities (PPVs) at tunnel surface are employed to analyze the damage of tunnel. The effects of joint spatial and mechanical properties, initial stress of rock mass, and magnitude of shock wave amplitude to damage of tunnel were evaluated in this study. The difference of damage between non-supported circular tunnel and bolt-supported circular tunnel subject to the same blast-induced shock wave was also studied. It is found that the orientations of joints in rock mass around the tunnel have great effects on tunnel damage. The initial stress around tunnel has relatively small influence on tunnel damage. The bolt support could greatly increase the stability of tunnel by changing the vibration form of particle velocity rather than the decreasing of PPV.
Corona cooling was detected previously from stacking a series of short type I bursts that occurred during the low/hard state of an atoll outburst. Type I bursts are hence regarded as sharp probes ...used to better our understanding of the basic properties of the corona. The first Chinese X-ray satellite, Insight-HXMT, has a large detection area at hard X-rays that provides a unique opportunity to move further in this research field. We report the first detection of corona cooling by Insight-HXMT from a single short type I burst appearing during the flare of 4U 1636-536. This type I X-ray burst has a duration of ∼13 s and hard X-ray shortage is detected with a significance of 6.2 in 40-70 keV. A cross-correlation analysis between the light curves of the soft and hard X-ray band shows that the corona shortage lags the burst emission by 1.6 1.2 s. These results are consistent with those derived previously from stacking a large amount of bursts detected by RXTE/PCA within a series of flares of 4U 1636-536. Moreover, the broad bandwidth of Insight-HXMT also allows, for the first time, one to infer the burst influence upon the continuum spectrum via performing the spectral fitting of the burst, which points to the finding that hard X-ray shortage appears at around 40 keV in the continuum spectrum. These results suggest that the evolution of the corona, along with the outburst/flare of NS XRB, may be traced via analyzing a series of embedded type I bursts using Insight-HXMT.
We study the e^{+}e^{-}→γωJ/ψ process using 11.6 fb^{-1} e^{+}e^{-} annihilation data taken at center-of-mass energies from sqrts=4.008 GeV to 4.600 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII ...storage ring. The X(3872) resonance is observed for the first time in the ωJ/ψ system with a significance of more than 5σ. The relative decay ratio of X(3872)→ωJ/ψ and π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ is measured to be R=1.6_{-0.3}^{+0.4}±0.2, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic (the same hereafter). The sqrts-dependent cross section of e^{+}e^{-}→γX(3872) is also measured and investigated, and it can be described by a single Breit-Wigner resonance, referred to as the Y(4200), with a mass of 4200.6_{-13.3}^{+7.9}±3.0 MeV/c^{2} and a width of 115_{-26}^{+38}±12 MeV. In addition, to describe the ωJ/ψ mass distribution above 3.9 GeV/c^{2}, we need at least one additional Breit-Wigner resonance, labeled as X(3915), in the fit. The mass and width of the X(3915) are determined. The resonant parameters of the X(3915) agree with those of the Y(3940) in B→KωJ/ψ and of the X(3915) in γγ→ωJ/ψ observed by the Belle and BABAR experiments within errors.
The complicated structure of the neutron cannot be calculated using first-principles calculations due to the large colour charge of quarks and the self-interaction of gluons. Its simplest structure ...observables are the electromagnetic form factors1, which probe our understanding of the strong interaction. Until now, a small amount of data has been available for the determination of the neutron structure from the time-like kinematical range. Here we present measurements of the Born cross section of electron–positron annihilation reactions into a neutron and anti-neutron pair, and determine the neutron’s effective form factor. The data were recorded with the BESIII experiment at centre-of-mass energies between 2.00 and 3.08 GeV using an integrated luminosity of 647.9 pb−1. Our results improve the statistics on the neutron form factor by more than a factor of 60 over previous measurements, demonstrating that the neutron form factor data from annihilation in the time-like regime is on par with that from electron scattering experiments. The effective form factor of the neutron shows a periodic behaviour, similar to earlier observations of the proton form factor. Future works—both theoretical and experimental—will help illuminate the origin of this oscillation of the electromagnetic structure observables of the nucleon.Form factors encode the structure of nucleons. Measurements from electron–positron annihilation at BESIII reveal an oscillating behaviour of the neutron electromagnetic form factor, and clarify a long-standing photon–nucleon interaction puzzle.
Using a total of 11.0 fb^{-1} of e^{+}e^{-} collision data with center-of-mass energies between 4.009 and 4.6 GeV and collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII, we measure fifteen exclusive cross ...sections and effective form factors for the process e^{+}e^{-}→Ξ^{-}Ξover ¯^{+} by means of a single baryon-tag method. After performing a fit to the dressed cross section of e^{+}e^{-}→Ξ^{-}Ξover ¯^{+}, no significant ψ(4230) or ψ(4260) resonance is observed in the Ξ^{-}Ξover ¯^{+} final states, and upper limits at the 90% confidence level on Γ_{ee}B for the processes ψ(4230)/ψ(4260)→Ξ^{-}Ξover ¯^{+} are determined. In addition, an excited Ξ baryon at 1820 MeV/c^{2} is observed with a statistical significance of 6.2-6.5σ by including the systematic uncertainty, and the mass and width are measured to be M=(1825.5±4.7±4.7) MeV/c^{2} and Γ=(17.0±15.0±7.9) MeV, which confirms the existence of the J^{P}=3/2^{-} state Ξ(1820).
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