Rechargeable batteries are considered one of the most effective energy storage technologies to bridge the production and consumption of renewable energy. The further development of rechargeable ...batteries with characteristics such as high energy density, low cost, safety, and a long cycle life is required to meet the ever‐increasing energy‐storage demands. This Review highlights the progress achieved with halide‐based materials in rechargeable batteries, including the use of halide electrodes, bulk and/or surface halogen‐doping of electrodes, electrolyte design, and additives that enable fast ion shuttling and stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, as well as realization of new battery chemistry. Battery chemistry based on monovalent cation, multivalent cation, anion, and dual‐ion transfer is covered. This Review aims to promote the understanding of halide‐based materials to stimulate further research and development in the area of high‐performance rechargeable batteries. It also offers a perspective on the exploration of new materials and systems for electrochemical energy storage.
Halide‐based materials are an important part of high‐performance electrode materials as well as stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces in lithium‐ion batteries and new battery types, including magnesium, aluminum, halide‐ion, metal‐halogen, and liquid‐metal batteries. The state‐of‐the‐art halide‐based materials in rechargeable batteries are reviewed, with a focus on challenges and perspectives.
Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMB) have been regarded as an alternative to lithium‐based batteries because of their abundant elemental resource, high theoretical volumetric capacity, and ...multi‐electron redox reaction without the dendrite formation of magnesium metal anode. However, their development is impeded by their poor electrode/electrolyte compatibility and the strong Coulombic effect of the multivalent Mg2+ ions in cathode materials. Herein, copper sulfide material is developed as a high‐energy cathode for RMBs with a non‐corrosive Mg‐ion electrolyte. Given the benefit of its optimized interlayer structure, good compatibility with the electrolyte, and enhanced surface area, the as‐prepared copper sulfide cathode exhibits unprecedented electrochemical Mg‐ion storage properties, with the highest specific capacity of 477 mAh g−1 and gravimetric energy density of 415 Wh kg−1 at 50 mA g−1, among the reported cathode materials of metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, and polyanion‐type compounds for RMBs. Notably, an impressive long‐term cycling performance with a stable capacity of 111 mAh g−1 at 1 C (560 mA g−1) is achieved over 1000 cycles. The results of the present study offer an avenue for designing high‐performance cathode materials for RMBs and other multivalent batteries.
Copper sulfide material with expanded interlayers resulting from the intercalation of a quaternary ammonium bromide is developed as a high‐energy cathode in a noncorrosive Mg‐ion electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Admirable energy densities (415 Wh kg−1 and 1909 Wh L−1) derived from a two‐step conversion reaction and impressive cycling stability over 1000 cycles are achieved.
This paper reviews the development of hydrogen storage alloys prepared by an effective method of mechanical alloying and milling. It emphasizes alloys based on Mg or that contain Mg due to their low ...cost, low weight and high hydrogen storage capacity. Hydrogen absorption/desorption and electrochemical measurements are briefly discussed. The electrochemical properties of the alloys that contain Mg are covered in detail, emphasizing the effects of changes in alloy composition. The system of Ti–Ni-based alloys is also introduced. At present, composite hydrogen storage alloys may be the most effective materials for practical application in new nickel/metal hydride secondary batteries. The steps of hydrogen absorption/desorption such as charge-transfer and hydrogen diffusion for evaluating the electrochemical properties of hydrogen storage alloys are discussed. The relationship between alloy composition and electrochemical properties is noted and evaluated.
Non-nucleophilic electrolytes with outstanding electrochemical performances for magnesium batteries have been synthesized through the reaction between a bisamide magnesium and a Lewis acid in an ...aprotic solvent. High anodic stability, good ionic conductivity, excellent cycling efficiency and the feasibility of the preparation make the in situgenerated electrolyte very promising for the potential application in rechargeable magnesium batteries.
Herein we report the proof-of-principle of a new concept of rechargeable batteries based on chloride shuttle, i.e., chloride ion batteries. This system includes the metal chloride/metal ...electrochemical couple and an electrolyte composed of binary ionic liquids allowing chloride ion transfer at room temperature.
Fibrosis is a pathological feature of a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases that can affect almost all organs, which can cause severe consequences and even lead to death. Fibrosis is ...characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) due to disruption of the balance between ECM production and degradation. Although overabundance of ECM proteins has long been the focus of studies on fibrosis, another facet of the problem--impaired degradation of the ECM--is gaining increasing attention. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) system is the main molecular system contributing to ECM degradation, and macrophages are the major regulators of ECM. However, the relationship among macrophages, the MMP/TIMP system and the ECM is not fully understood in the context of fibrosis. Here, we discuss in detail the role played by the ECM in the development of fibrosis and highlight the macrophage-MMP-ECM interaction that is involved in fibrogenesis and may be a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis.
MCF7 cells have been used as an experimental model for breast cancer for decades. Typically, a culture medium is designed to supply cells with the nutrients essential for their continuous ...proliferation. Each medium has a specific nutritional composition. Therefore, cells cultured in different media may exhibit differences in their metabolism. However, only a few studies have investigated the effects of media on cells. In this study, we compared the effects of Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and minimum essential medium alpha modification (αMEM) on MCF7 cells. The two media differentially affected the morphology, cell cycle, and proliferation of MCF7 cells, but had no effect on cell death. Replacement of DMEM with αMEM led to a decrease in ATP production and an increase in reactive oxygen species production, but did not affect the cell viability. RNA-sequencing and bioinformatic analyses revealed 721 significantly upregulated and 1247 downregulated genes in cells cultured in αMEM for 48 h compared with that in cells cultured in DMEM. The enriched gene ontology terms were related to mitosis and cell proliferation. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis revealed cell cycle and DNA replication as the top two significant pathways. MCF7 cells were hypoxic when cultured in αMEM. These results show that the culture medium considerably affects cultured cells. Thus, the stability of the culture system in a study is very important to obtain reliable results.
Solid electrolytes have attracted considerable interest in rechargeable batteries because of their potential high safety, inhibition of electrode dissolution, and large electrochemical window. ...However, their development in some new battery concepts such as room-temperature halide ion batteries has been scarce. Herein, we develop the inorganic halide perovskite of CsSnCl3 prepared by mechanical milling and subsequent mild heat treatment as the potential solid electrolyte for chloride ion batteries (CIB). Benefiting from its high structural stability against a phase transformation to monoclinic structure at room temperature, the as-prepared cubic CsSnCl3 achieves an impressive electrochemical performance with the highest ionic conductivity of 3.6 × 10–4 S cm–1 and a large electrochemical window of about 6.1 V at 298 K. These values are much higher than 1.2 × 10–5 S cm–1 and 4.25 V of the previously reported solid polymer electrolyte for CIBs. Importantly, the chloride ion transfer of the as-prepared CsSnCl3 electrolyte is demonstrated by employing the electrode couples of SnCl2/Sn and BiCl3/Bi.
Genome alteration signatures reflect recurring patterns caused by distinct endogenous or exogenous mutational events during the evolution of cancer. Signatures of single base substitution (SBS) have ...been extensively studied in different types of cancer. Copy number alterations are important drivers for the progression of multiple cancer. However, practical tools for studying the signatures of copy number alterations are still lacking. Here, a user-friendly open source bioinformatics tool "sigminer" has been constructed for copy number signature extraction, analysis and visualization. This tool has been applied in prostate cancer (PC), which is particularly driven by complex genome alterations. Five copy number signatures are identified from human PC genome with this tool. The underlying mutational processes for each copy number signature have been illustrated. Sample clustering based on copy number signature exposure reveals considerable heterogeneity of PC, and copy number signatures show improved PC clinical outcome association when compared with SBS signatures. This copy number signature analysis in PC provides distinct insight into the etiology of PC, and potential biomarkers for PC stratification and prognosis.
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