The high value-added use of tannery solid waste and elimination of tannery liquid waste in the leather-making industry have attracted widespread attention. In this study, a MgO-doped biochar (MgO/BC) ...adsorbent was successfully prepared by utilizing tannery solid waste (i.e., non-tanned hide wastes) as the biomass material for dye removal from tannery wastewater. Characterization results indicated that MgO was uniformly embedded into the porous BC structure. The adsorption capacity of acid orange II by MgO/BC reached up to 448.4 mg g−1, which drastically exceeded the pure BC and other reported adsorbents. The adsorption behavior of acid orange II by MgO/BC matched nicely with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. This satisfactory adsorption capacity of MgO/BC for acid orange II was mainly due to the large specific surface area and the enhanced electrostatic interaction. According to the BET, zeta potential and XPS analysis, the possible mechanism towards acid orange II removal was attributed to the pore filling, surface complexation, electrostatic attraction and π-π interaction. In addition, MgO/BC showed the efficient removal towards anionic dyes from actual tannery wastewater. This work could provide guidance for the value-added utilization of tannery solid waste and a practical way to remove dyes from tannery wastewater.
Display omitted
•A MgO-doped biochar (MgO/BC) was prepared by utilizing tannery solid waste.•The qmax of MgO/BC was 448.4 mg g−1, which was about 2 times that of BC.•The introduction of MgO provided a positive charge and many adsorption sites.•This work provided new insights to the circular utilization of tannery wastes.
Abstract
Over the past few years, blockchain platforms supporting WebAssembly (Wasm) smart contracts are gaining popularity. However, Wasm smart contracts are often compiled from memory‐unsafe ...languages (e.g. C and C++). And there is a lack of effective defense against integer overflow and stack overflow at the compiler and virtual machine (VM) layers, making Wasm smart contracts even more exploitable than native C and C++ programs. In this paper, the authors propose wasm overflow detector
(WASMOD)
to address the integer overflow and stack overflow vulnerabilities. The authors’ approach combines bytecode instrumentation, run‐time validation, and grey‐box fuzzing to detect these vulnerabilities. The authors applied their approach to the popular EOSIO blockchain and evaluated it on 4616 deployed Wasm smart contracts. The authors’ approach detected 13 real‐world vulnerable smart contracts.
Nitrogen-doped microporous carbon spheres (NMCSs) are successfully prepared via carbonization and KOH activation of phenol-formaldehyde resin polymer spheres synthesized by a facile and time-saving ...one-step hydrothermal strategy using triblock copolymer Pluronic F108 as a soft template under the Stöber-like method condition. The influence of the ethanol/water volume ratios and carbonation temperatures on the morphologies, pore structures and electrochemical performances of the prepared NMCSs are investigated systematically. The optimal NMCSs have a large specific surface area of 1517 m
2
g
− 1
with a pore volume of 0.8 cm
3
g
− 1
. The X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analysis reveals a suitable nitrogen-doped content of 2.6 at.%. The as-prepared NMCSs used as supercapacitor electrode materials exhibit an outstanding specific capacitance of 416 F g
− 1
at a current density of 0.2 A g
− 1
, also it shows an excellent charge/discharge cycling stability with 96.9% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. The constructed symmetric supercapacitors using PVA/KOH as the gel electrolyte can deliver a specific capacitance of 60.6 F g
− 1
at current density of 1 A g
− 1
. A maximum energy density of 21.5 Wh kg
− 1
can be achieved at a power density of 800 W kg
− 1
, and the energy density still maintains 13.3 Wh kg
− 1
even at a high power density of 16 kW kg
− 1
. The results suggest that this work can open up a facile and effective way to synthesize the NMCSs for electrode materials of high performance energy storage devices.
Typical thioredoxin (TRX) plays an important role in maintaining redox balance in plants. However, the typical
genes in wheat still need to be comprehensively and deeply studied. In this research, a ...total of 48 typical
genes belonging to eight subtypes were identified
a genome-wide search in wheat, and the gene structures, protein conserved motifs, and protein 3D structures of the same subtype were very similar. Evolutionary analysis showed that there are two pairs of tandem duplication genes and 14 clusters of segmental duplication genes in typical
family members;
,
, and
had positive selection compared with the orthologs of their ancestral species; rice and maize have 11 and 13 orthologous typical
with wheat, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that typical
were involved in maintaining redox homeostasis in wheat cells. Estimation of ROS content, determination of antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression analysis in a line overexpressing one typical
confirmed that
plays an important role in maintaining redox balance in wheat. A predictive analysis of
-acting elements in the promoter region showed that typical
were extensively involved in various hormone metabolism and response processes to stress. The results predicted using public databases or verified using RT-qPCR show that typical
were able to respond to biotic and abiotic stresses, and their expression in wheat was spatiotemporal. A total of 16 wheat proteins belonging to four different families interacting with typical TaTRXs were predicted. The above comprehensive analysis of typical
genes can enrich our understanding of this gene family in wheat and provide valuable insights for further gene function research.
High relative humidity (RH) and high temperature are expected more frequently due to climate change, and can severely affect the growth of chrysanthemums. In order to analyze the interactive effects ...of RH and high temperature on the photosynthetic performance of chrysanthemum, a completely randomized block experiment was conducted with three factors, namely temperature (Day/night temperature, 35°C/18°C, 38°C/18°C, 41°C/18°C), RH (Whole day RH, 50%, 70%, 90%), and treatment duration (3d, 6d, 9d). The control (CK) temperature was 28°C/18°C and RH was 50%. The results showed that with the increase of temperature, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), maximum net photosynthetic rate (P
), net photosynthetic rate (P
), transpiration rate (T
), water use efficiency (WUE), maximal recorded fluorescence intensity (F
), PSII maximal photochemical efficiency (F
/F
), absorption flux per cross section (ABS/CSm), trapped energy flux per cross section (TRo/CSm), electron transport flux per cross section (ETo/CSm) and photosynthetic pigment content of leaves significantly decreased, the minimal recorded fluorescence intensity (F
), fluorescence intensity at point J of the OJIP curve (F
) and non-photochemical quenching per cross section (DIo/CSm) significantly increased, the fluorescence difference kinetics of the OJ phase of chrysanthemum leaves showed K-bands. P
, AQE, F
, F
, F
/F
, ABS/CSm, TRo/CSm, ETo/CSm and photosynthetic pigment content were higher at 70% RH than the other two RH conditions. The dominant factor causing the decrease of P
in leaves was stomatal limitation at 35°C,38°C, three RH conditions, 3d and 6d, but non-stomatal limitation at 41°C and 9d. There was an interaction between temperature and RH, with a significant impact on P
. The temperature had the greatest impact on P
, followed by RH. This study confirms that heat stress severely affects the photosynthesis of chrysanthemum leaves, and when the temperature reaches or exceeds 35°C, adjusting the RH to 70% can effectively reduce the impact of heat stress on chrysanthemum photosynthesis.
Drought is the main abiotic stress factor limiting the growth and yield of wheat (
Triticum aestivum
L.). Therefore, improving wheat tolerance to drought stress is essential for maintaining yield. ...Previous studies have reported on the important role of
TaNRX1
in conferring drought stress tolerance. Therefore, to elucidate the regulation mechanism by which
TaNRX1
confers drought resistance in wheat, we generated
TaNRX1
overexpression (OE) and RNA interference (RNAi) wheat lines. The results showed that the tolerance of the OE lines to drought stress were significantly enhanced. The survival rate, leaf chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugar content, and activities of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) of the OE lines were higher than those of the wild type (WT); however, the relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion levels of the OE lines were lower than those of the WT; the RNAi lines showed the opposite results. RNA-seq results showed that the common differentially expressed genes of
TaNRX1
OE and RNAi lines, before and after drought stress, were mainly distributed in the plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropane biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon metabolism pathways and were related to the transcription factors, including WRKY, MYB, and bHLH families. This study suggests that
TaNRX1
positively regulates drought stress tolerance in wheat.
A facile hydrothermal polymerization method has been developed for the preparation of monodisperse carbon spheres (MCSs) using the triblock copolymer F108 as surfactant. The synthesis is based on the ...ammonia-catalyzed polymerization reaction between phenol and formaldehyde (PF). The resultant MCSs have a perfect spherical morphology, smooth surface, and high dispersity. The particle sizes can be tuned in a wide range of 500~2400 nm by adjusting the dosage of the PF precursor. The activated MCSs with suitable heteroatoms (N and O) doped and a large specific surface area (960 m
2
g−
1
) were obtained. A high-performance electrode of electrical double-layer capacitors fabricated by those active material have an excellent specific capacitance (310 F g
−1
at 0.5 A g
−1
) and outstanding cycling stability (92% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles). This work provides a new opportunity for the fabrication of MCSs with potential applications.
Self-stabilized and well-defined chlorine-doped carbonated cobalt hydroxide nanowires have been obtained as a binder-free electrode via a facile method. The Co material has a unique well-defined ...needle-like structure, composed of highly aligned monomer with the diameter of about 3–10 nm and numerous surface pores, which makes it have potential for high-performance electrochemical capacitors. The test results show the directly acquired Co-ClNWs(NiE) electrode in three-electrode system can reach the specific capacity of more than 2150 F/g under the current density of 1 A/g, accompanied by a good cycling stability of 94.3% capacitance retention after 500 cycles, and exhibits a high energy density of 41.8 W h/kg at the power density of 1280.7 W/kg when using it as the positive electrode of an asymmetric supercapacitor. After making a comparison of the current material with the conventional electrodes, we can find that a better electrochemical performance can be achieved with a more convenient one-step method. Therefore, we, in this work, may provide a new type of manufacturing concept for future electrode treatment.
A low-cost and water resistant biomass adhesive, collagen hydrolysate–silane coupling agent hybrids (CSH), was prepared by using collagen hydrolysate (CH) extracted from leather waste as the starting ...material, and silane coupling agent (SCA) as the crosslinking agent. The as-prepared adhesive was fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
29
Si CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ANS assay and ninhydrin assay. The as-prepared CSH exhibited pretty good adhesive strength and water resistance. Moreover, the water resistance of CSH can be conveniently tuned by changing the type and dosage of the silane coupling agent. When used as a wood adhesive, the dry adhesive strength of CSH was as high as 1.57 MPa, and the corresponding wet adhesive strength reached 0.95 MPa. Our experimental results suggest that the collagen hydrolysate extracted from leather waste has a great potential to be used as a low-cost and highly effective adhesive in the wood composite industry.
The synthesis of porous carbon spheres with good dispersity and oxygen-rich content from phenolic resin remains challenging due to weak interactions between carbon precursors and soft templates, as ...well as fast cross-linking rate of precursors. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and efficient organic-organic self-assembly hydrothermal method to prepare microporous carbon spheres (MCSs) with perfect dispersity and rich oxygen-containing groups under highly acidic conditions. Both the precursors and templates are partly protonated by high concentration acid and thus provide an additional Coulombic interactions between resol and F108 via the I+X−S+ mechanism. Such enhanced interaction improve the self-assembly ability of resol and F108, lead to more matching the cross-linking rate of resol, which efficient avoid macroscopic phase separation and aggregate. Results indicate that the MCSs are modified with a considerable number of oxygen-containing functional groups (hydroxyl and carbonyl) under acidic conditions, and the oxygen content increases with the concentration of HCl. The optimal MCSs with a high specific surface area of 1449 m2 g−1, large pore volume of 0.77 cm3 g−1 and high oxygen content of 8.5 at%, exhibits an enhanced specific capacitance of 361 F g−1 and excellent long-term stability (93.8% retention after 10 000 cycles) when used as the electrode materials for supercapacitors. Furthermore, the MCSs based symmetrical supercapacitors delivers a maximum energy density of 18.5 W h kg−1 at power density of 750 W kg−1. This feasible hydrothermal method develops a new strategy for the fabrication of functionalized porous carbon spheres.
PDF
