This paper studies the problem of robust adaptive filtering in impulsive noise environment using a recursive least M-estimate algorithm (RLM). The RLM algorithm minimizes a robust M-estimator-based ...cost function instead of the conventional mean square error function (MSE). Previous work has showed that the RLM algorithm offers improved robustness to impulses over conventional recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. In this paper, the mean and mean square convergence behaviors of the RLM algorithm under the contaminated Gaussian impulsive noise model is analyzed. A lattice structure-based fast RLM algorithm, called the Huber Prior Error Feedback-Least Squares Lattice (H-PEF-LSL) algorithm is derived. Part of the H-PEF-LSL algorithm was presented in ICASSP 2001. It has an order O(N) arithmetic complexity, where N is the length of the adaptive filter, and can be viewed as a fast implementation of the RLM algorithm based on the modified Huber M-estimate function and the conventional PEF-LSL adaptive filtering algorithm. Simulation results show that the transversal RLM and the H-PEF-LSL algorithms have better performance than the conventional RLS and other RLS-like robust adaptive algorithms tested when the desired and input signals are corrupted by impulsive noise. Furthermore, the theoretical and simulation results on the convergence behaviors agree very well with each other.
The aim of this study was to examine the interleukin-1B (IL-1B) gene promoter region -31 (IL-1B-31) polymorphism distribution characteristic of Hakka gastric cancer patients in Guangdong Province and ...to explore its association with gastric cancer. We used the 1:1 case-control method, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization flight time mass spectrometry, and MassARRAY-IPLEX technology to genotype IL-1B-31 (-31C> T) in 52 Hakka gastric cancer patients and 52 Hakka control subjects in Meizhou. Three genotypes - CT, TT, and CC - of IL-1B-31 were found in the Meizhou Hakka population. Their distribution frequencies in the gastric cancer group were 40.38, 40.38, and 19.23%, respectively, whereas the frequencies in control subjects were 57.69, 17.31, and 25.00%, respectively. The differences in frequency distributions of the genotypes between the 2 groups were statistically significant (chi-square = 6.78, P < 0.05). Subjects with the TT genotype had a higher risk of gastric cancer compared with that in subjects carrying the CT genotype (odds ratio = 2.857, 95% confidence interval = 1.114-7.328). This risk was more apparent in male subjects. IL-1B-31 locus polymorphism may be associated with gastric cancer susceptibility in this population, but additional studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm the conclusions.
In comparative studies of rare events, fixing group sizes may result in groups with zero events. To overcome this difficulty, one may adopt an inverse sampling design which fixes the number of ...events, resulting in random variables following the negative binomial distribution. This article presents a new approach to setting confidence intervals for effect measures under inverse sampling, using the variance estimates recovered from exact confidence limits for single negative binomial proportions. Exact numerical evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed procedure performs well.
Laminated formation structures in shale formations may have elastic anisotropic properties, including Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, that impact hydraulic fracturing treatment execution. ...Fracture initiation pressures and geometries are affected by these properties, especially in cased and in perforated horizontal wells. After initiation, stress concentration around the wellbore may cause the creation of longitudinal fractures (LFs) in the near-wellbore zone that reorient to transverse fractures (TFs) beyond this region. In this case, severe fracture kinking may occur that may hinder the transport of proppants and reduce well productivity. We developed an analytical model based on linear fracture mechanics theory to study the effect of perforation geometries on the initiation fracture pattern. Elastic anisotropy and well deviations were incorporated into simulations. Our simulation results show that when the perforation depth is in a specific range under normal fault regime, the initiation pressures for LFs can be smaller than the maximum horizontal stress
σ
H
. This behavior is significant for a smaller
σ
H
/
σ
v
ratio, but it vanishes for a larger
σ
H
/
σ
v
ratio. With increasing formation elastic anisotropy (
K
a
n
i
s
o
), the initiation pressures for both LFs and TFs increase, and the critical perforation depth is decreased. Considering the well deviation, the well azimuth and inclination angles affect initiation pressures for both longitudinal and transverse fractures. Results show how perforation depth, shale elastic anisotropy, and well orientation affect fracture initiation patterns. This paper provides a framework for well completion designs and well orientation designs to minimize the fracture kinking in the near-wellbore region in shale formations.
We aimed to evaluate the procedural safety, clinical, and angiographic outcome of carotid angioplasty and stenting for high-grade (≥70%) radiation-induced carotid stenosis (RIS) using atherosclerotic ...stenosis (AS) as a control.
In this 6-year prospective nonrandomized study, we compared the carotid angioplasty and stenting outcome of 65 consecutive patients (84 vessels) with RIS with that of a control group of 129 consecutive patients (150 vessels) with AS. Study end points were 30-day periprocedural stroke or death, ipsilateral ischemic stroke, technical success, procedural characteristics, instent restenosis (ISR; ≥50%) and symptomatic ISR.
The median follow-up was 47.3 months (95% confidence interval, 26.9-61.6). Imaging assessment was available in 74 vessels (RIS) and 120 vessels (AS) in 2 years. Comparing RIS group with AS group, the rates of periprocedural stroke or death were 1.5% (1/65) versus 1.6% (2/129; P=1); ipsilateral ischemic stroke rates were 4.6% (3/65) versus 4.7% (6/129; P=1); the annual risks of ipsilateral ischemic stroke were 1.2% (3 patient/254.7 patient year) versus 1.2% (6 patient/494.2 patient year; P=0.89); technical success rates were both 100%. Stenting of common carotid artery and the use of multiple stents was more common in the RIS group (P=0 in both cases); ISR rates were 25.7% (19/74) versus 4.2% (5/120; P<0.001); symptomatic ISR rates were 6.8% (5/74) versus 0.8% (1/120; P=0.031).
The safety, effectiveness, and technical difficulty of carotid angioplasty and stenting for RIS are comparable with that for AS although it is associated with a higher rate of ISR.
This trial was not registered as enrollment started in 2006.
A new oligomeric fluorophore, which combines the advantage of polycyclic aromatic compounds and fluorene structures has been synthesized. The new compound shows necessary film-forming properties, is ...readily soluble in the majority of organic solvents and emits in the blue range of solar light with maximum at 465 nm. The compound has a rather high quantum yield and can serve as both the electroluminescent dopant and the conducting light-emitting matrix for designing completely soluble blue and white OLEDs by both inkjet printing and spin coating. The new oligomeric fluorophore is a promising example of highly fluorescent oligomer, rarely used class of materials, in contrast to polymers and small molecules. Such oligomers can be useful for future completely soluble OLEDs.
Osteocalcin (OCN) has a function in preventing fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in poultry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of OCN on fat emulsion stimulated chicken ...embryonic hepatocytes and related signaling pathways. The primary chicken embryonic hepatocytes were isolated from the incubated 15-day (E15) pathogen free eggs and cultured with dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM). After the hepatocyte density reached 80%, the cells were divided into 5 groups: control group (CONT), fat emulsion group (FE, 10% FE, v/v), FE with ucOCN at 1 ng/mL (FE-LOCN), 3 ng/mL (FE-MOCN), and 9 ng/mL (FE-HOCN). In addition, 2 mM N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, and 5 μM SP600125, a Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, were added separately in to the DMEM with 10% FE to test effects of FE on the function of ROS-JNK signal pathway. The number of hepatocytes, cell ultra-microstructure, viability, and apoptosis were detected after 48 h treatment, and the protein expressions and enzyme concentrations were detected after 72 h treatment. The results showed that, compared to the control group, FE increased the triglyceride (TG) concentration and lipid droplets (LDs) in chicken embryonic hepatocytes (P < 0.05), and induced hepatocytic edema with obviously mitochondrial swelling, membrane damage, and cristae rupture. FE also decreased ATP concentration, increased ROS concentrations and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, promoted inflammatory interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations and hepatocytic apoptosis rate, and raised phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) protein expressions. Compared to the FE group, ucOCN significantly increased hepatocyte viability, reduced hepatocytic TG concentrations and LDs numbers, and alleviated hepatocytic edema and mitochondrial swelling. Furthermore, ucOCN significantly decreased ROS concentrations, increased ATP concentrations, reduced IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α concentrations and hepatocytic apoptosis rate, and inhibited p-JNK protein expressions (P < 0.05). NAC had the similar functions of ucOCN reduced the ROS concentration and inhibited the TNF-α protein expression and p-JNK/JNK ration. Similarly, SP600125 reduced p-JNK/JNK protein expression, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and TG concentrations without effects on ROS concentration and hepatocytic apoptosis. These results suggest that ucOCN alleviates FE-induced mitochondrial damage, cellular edema, and apoptosis of hepatocytes. These results reveal that the functions of ucOCN in reducing fat accumulation and inflammatory reaction in chicken embryonic hepatocytes are mostly via inhibiting the ROS-JNK signal pathway.
Objective
Percutaneous absorption of l‐ascorbic acid (LAA) is limited due to its high hydrophilicity and low stability. Here, we investigated the effect of post‐dosing sonophoresis (329 kHz, 20 mW ...cm−2) and heat (36°C) on transdermal delivery of LAA.
Methods
Ultrasound/heat, heat and control treatments were applied on skin surface for 2 and 5 min after topical application of C14‐labelled LAA aqueous solution. After 15 min post‐exposure, radioactivity was measured in tape‐striped stratum corneum (TS‐SC), epidermis, dermis and receptor fluid. As Franz diffusion cell model may have different acoustic response than in vivo human tissues, a novel Petri dish model was developed and compared with Franz cell model on the effects of ultrasound/heat treatment on the skin permeability.
Results
Five‐min ultrasound/heat treatment significantly accelerated skin absorption/penetration of LAA; 2‐min treatment showed no enhancement effect on Franz diffusion cell model at the end of experiment. The use of Petri dish model significantly increased LAA concentrations in epidermis after 5 min of ultrasound/heat treatment, compared to the results of Franz cell model.
Conclusion
Combination of ultrasound (329 kHz, 20 mW cm−2) and heat (36°C) significantly enhanced LAA transdermal penetration, when the time of treatment was sufficient (5 min). As Petri dish model was designed to simulate acoustic respond of dense human tissue to ultrasound, the difference between Franz cell and Petri dish models suggests that the enhancement effect of ultrasound/heat on skin penetration in vivo may be greater than that determined on in vitro Franz cell model.
Résumé
Objectif
L'absorption percutanée de l'acide L‐ascorbique (LAA) est limitée en raison de sa forte hydrophilie et une faible stabilité. Ici, nous avons étudié l'effet de sonophorèse post‐dosage (329 kHz, 20 mW cm−2) et de la chaleur (36°C) sur l'administration transdermique de LAA.
Méthodes
des traitements Ultrason + chaleur, chaleur et témoin ont été appliqués sur la surface de la peau pour 2 et 5 min après l'application topique d'une solution aqueuse de LAA marqué au 14C. Après 15 min post‐exposition, la radioactivité a été mesurée dans la couche cornée strippée (TS‐SC), de l'épiderme, le derme, et dans le liquide récepteur. Puisque le modèle de cellule de diffusion Franz peut avoir une réponse acoustique différente de celle des tissus humains in vivo, un nouveau modèle plat de Pétri a été développé et comparé avec le modèle de cellule de Franz sur les effets des ultrasons / traitement thermique sur la perméabilité de la peau.
Résultats
5 min de traitement par ultrasons + chaleur accélère de manière significative l'absorption par la peau et la pénétration de LAA; 2 min de traitement n'ont montré aucun effet d'amélioration sur le modèle de cellule de diffusion Franz à la fin de l'expérience. L'utilisation d'un modèle de boîte de Pétri a augmenté significativement les concentrations LAA dans l'épiderme après 5 min de traitement par ultrasons/chaleur, par rapport aux résultats du modèle de cellule de Franz.
Conclusion
La combinaison d'ultrasons (329 kHz, 20 mW cm−2) et la chaleur (36°C) améliorent considérablement la pénétration transdermique de LAA, quand la durée du traitement était suffisante (5 min). Comme le modèle de boîte de Pétri a été conçu pour simuler la réponse acoustique du tissu humain dense aux ultrasons, la différence entre la cellule Franz et les modèles de Pétri suggère que l'effet de l'amélioration des ultrasons/chaleur sur la pénétration cutanée in vivo peut être supérieure à celle déterminée in vitro en modèle cellulaire Franz.
Illustration of Franz cell model and Petri dish model for in vitro percutaneous penetration experiments. Note: ultrasound/heat device directly contacts with skin surface when treatment was applied.
Many women favor in wearing foundation garments to shape their body and show satisfactory figures. However, few investigations have been conducted on the physiological impact of wearing tight ...garments on the body. In this study, we used girdled rats that were fed with a high fat diet to investigate their physiological condition including alterations in food intake, body weight, fat deposition, and hormone concentrations. Over the experiment period, girdled rats maintained normal plasma and liver cholesterol and triglyceride. Leptin level in girdled rats was significantly lower than that in normal control. The fat tissue of girdled rats was more active in secretion of leptin, which might be mediated by mTOR signaling. Girdled rats showed no difference in hematology analysis during the experiment period. This study showed that a body girdle can significantly reduce fat deposition and alter other body parameters in rats.
The fluorescence properties of a long-lasting phosphor, ZnS:Cu,Mn was studied for the first time under simultaneously excitation of both UV and NIR light. Up to 20% fluorescence enhancement of the ...phosphor was observed. In the present simultaneously-excitation process, broad-band NIR light was absorbed and converted to visible photons via a single-photon upconversion path. We propose that a novel kind of spectral-conversion material with the unique ability to simultaneously convert both UV and NIR photons can be developed and is promising in the application of enhancing the EQE of solar cells.
PDF
