Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid (A)β peptide accumulation and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. New hypotheses have suggested that AD involves neuroinflammation and ...oxidative stress. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) presents anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. The present study evaluated the AuNP treatment on an AD model (okadaic acid, OA). Male Wistar rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with OA (100 μg); 24 h later they were treated with 20-nm AuNP (at a dose 2.5 mg/kg) every 48 h for 21 days. The following groups were separated (
n
= 12/group): Sham, AuNP, OA, and OA + AuNP. OA increases Tau phosphorylation in the cortex and hippocampus, while AuNP treatment maintained it as normal. Spatial memory was impaired by OA, and AuNP treatment prevented this deficit. Neurotrophic factors (BDNF and NGF- β) in the cortex and hippocampus were decreased by OA. The OA and OA + AuNP groups showed increased interleukin (IL)-1 β in the hippocampus and cortex, and the AuNP group showed increased IL-1 β in the hippocampus. In both groups, S100 levels in the cortex and hippocampus were increased by OA. IL-4 was increased in OA + AuNP animals. AuNPs prevented oxidative stress (sulfhydryl and nitrite levels) in brain structures induced by OA. Moreover, OA modulated ATP synthase activity, and AuNP maintained normal brain mitochondrial function. The antioxidant capacities were reduced by OA, and AuNP restored antioxidant status (SOD, catalase activities and GSH levels) on brain. OA-induced damage on brain tissues, and long-term AuNP treatment prevented the neuroinflammation, modulation of mitochondrial function, and impaired cognition induced by AD model, showing that AuNPs may be a promising treatment for neurodisease caused by these elements.
The bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a highly toxic molecule derived from the outer membrane of gram‐negative bacteria. LPS endotoxin affects the lungs and is used as a model of acute pulmonary ...inflammation affecting the cellular morphology of the organ. Previously, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been shown to demonstrate anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative activity in muscle and epithelial injury models. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the intraperitoneal treatment using GNPs on the inflammatory response and pulmonary oxidative stress induced by LPS. Wistar rats were divided into four groups (N = 10): Sham; Sham + GNPs 2.5 mg/kg; LPS; and LPS + GNPs 2.5 mg/kg. Treatment with LPS upregulated the levels of markers of cellular and hepatic damage (CK, LDH, AST, and alanine aminotransferase); however, the group treated with only GNPs exhibited no toxicity. Treatment with GNPs reversed LPS‐induced changes with respect to total peritoneal leukocyte count and the pulmonary levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IFN‐γ and IL‐6). Histological analysis revealed that treatment with GNPs reversed the increase in alveolar septum thickness due to LPS‐induced fibrosis. In addition, treatment with GNPs decreased production of oxidants (nitrite and DCFH), reduced oxidative damage (carbonyl and sulfhydryl), and downregulated activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Treatment with GNPs did not showed toxicity; however, it exhibited anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative activity that reversed morphological alterations induced by LPS.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic exercise on mental health, functional autonomy and oxidative stress parameters in depressed elderly individuals.
Initially, ninety-two ...elderly individuals were included in the study and were allocated into the depression group (n=16) and nondepression group (n=14). Both groups engaged in the aquatic exercise program for 12 weeks, including two weekly sessions (45 min/session) at a low intensity (between 50% and 60% of maximal heart rate or Borg scale scores of 13 to 14) throughout the intervention. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks later.
The patients were 63.5±8.8 years old. The following scores were decreased after training in the depressed group: depression (53%), anxiety (48%), and Timed Up & Go (33%). The following scores increased: Berg Balance Scale (9%) and flexibility (44%). Regarding the blood-based parameters, there were decreases in protein carbonylation (46%) and nitric oxide (60%) and increases in glutathione (170%) and superoxide dismutase (160%) in the depression group (p<0.005).
The aquatic exercise program reduces depression and anxiety, improves functional autonomy and decreases oxidative stress in depressed elderly individuals.
Obesity is an epidemic associated with many diseases. The nutraceutical Zingiber officinale (ZO) is a potential treatment for obesity; however, the molecular effects are unknown. Swiss male mice were ...fed a high-fat diet (59 % energy from fat) for 16 weeks to generate a diet-induced obesity (DIO) model and then divided into the following groups: standard diet + vehicle; standard diet + ZO; DIO + vehicle and DIO + ZO. Those in the ZO groups were supplemented with 400 mg/kg per d of ZO extract (oral administration) for 35 d. The animals were euthanised, and blood, quadriceps, epididymal fat pad and hepatic tissue were collected. DIO induced insulin resistance, proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and DNA damage in different tissues. Treatment with ZO improved insulin sensitivity as well as decreased serum TAG, without changes in body weight or adiposity index. TNF-α and IL-1β levels were lower in the liver and quadriceps in the DIO + ZO group compared with the DIO group. ZO treatment reduced the reactive species and oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA in blood and liver in obese animals. The endogenous antioxidant activity was higher in the quadriceps of DIO + ZO. These results in the rat model of DIO may indicate ZO as an adjuvant on obesity treatment.
Insulin resistance is the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The molecular mechanism by which obese individuals develop insulin resistance has not yet been fully elucidated; however, ...inconclusive and contradictory studies have shown that oxidative stress may be involved in the process. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of reactive species on the mechanism of insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice. Obese insulin-resistant mice were treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 50 mg/kg per day, for 15 days) by means of oral gavage. Twenty-four hours after the last NAC administration, the animals were euthanized and their tissues were extracted for biochemical and molecular analyses. NAC supplementation induced improved insulin resistance and fasting glycemia, without modifications in food intake, body weight, and adiposity. Obese mice showed increased dichlorofluorescein (DCF) oxidation, reduced catalase (CAT) activity, and reduced glutathione levels (GSH). However, treatment with NAC increased GSH and CAT activity and reduced DCF oxidation. The gastrocnemius muscle of obese mice showed an increase in nuclear factor
B (NFκB) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) levels, as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation compared to the control group; however, NAC treatment reversed these changes. Considering the molecules involved in insulin signaling, there was a reduction in insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation. However, NAC administration increased IRS and Akt phosphorylation and IRS/PI3k (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) association. The results demonstrated that oxidative stress-associated obesity could be a mechanism involved in insulin resistance, at least in this animal model.
The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of early and long-term low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers after acute-traumatic muscle injury in ...Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into the following four groups: control group (CG), muscle injury group (IG), CG + LLLT, and IG + LLLT: laser treatment with doses of 3 and 5 J/cm
2
. Muscle traumatic injury was induced by a single-impact blunt trauma in the rat gastrocnemius. Irradiation for 3 or 5 J/cm
2
was initiated 2, 12, and 24 h after muscle trauma induction, and the treatment was continued for five consecutive days. All the oxidant markers investigated. namely thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance, carbonyl, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, were increased as soon as 2 h after muscle injury and remained increased up to 24 h. These alterations were prevented by LLLT at a 3 J/cm
2
dose given 2 h after the trauma. Similarly, LLLT prevented the trauma-induced proinflammatory state characterized by IL-6 and IL-10. In parallel, trauma-induced reduction in BDNF and VEGF, vascular remodeling and fiber-proliferating markers, was prevented by laser irradiation. In order to test whether the preventive effect of LLLT was also reflected in muscle functionality, we tested the locomotor activity, by measuring distance traveled and the number of rearings in the open field test. LLLT was effective in recovering the normal locomotion, indicating that the irradiation induced biostimulatory effects that accelerated or resolved the acute inflammatory response as well as the oxidant state elicited by the muscle trauma.
With aging, there is a reduction in mitochondrial activity, and several changes occur in the body composition, including increased adiposity. The dysfunction of mitochondrial activity causes changes ...and adaptations in tissue catabolic characteristics. Among them, we can mention brown adipose tissue (BAT). BAT’s main function is lipid oxidation for heat production, hence playing a role in adaptive thermogenesis induced by environmental factors such as exercise. It is known that exercise causes a series of metabolic changes, including loss body fat; however, there is still no consensus in the academic community about whether both strength and aerobic exercise equally reduces adiposity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of strength training and aerobic exercise regimes on adiposity, proteins regulating mitochondrial activity, and respiratory complexes in BAT of old rats. The rats were divided in two control groups: young control (YC;
N
= 5), and old control (OC;
N
= 5), and two exercise groups: strength training (OST;
N
= 5), and aerobic treadmill training (OAT;
N
= 5). Rats were subjected to an 8-week exercise regime, and their body composition parameters were evaluated (total body weight, adiposity index, and BAT weight). In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis proteins (PGC-1α, SIRT1, and pAMPK) and respiratory chain activity (complexes I, II/III, III, and IV) were evaluated. Results showed that OST and OAT exercise protocols significantly increased the mitochondrial regulatory molecules and respiratory chain activity, while body fat percentage and adiposity index significantly decreased. Taken together, both OST and OAT exercise increased BAT weight, activity of respiratory complexes, and regulatory proteins in BAT and equally reduced body adiposity.
The present study investigated the effects of aquatic exercise on parameters of functional autonomy, mental health, and oxidative dysfunction in elderly patients with DM2. A total of 130 elderly were ...included in the longitudinal clinical study and were attributed to the non-diabetic group (n = 27) and diabetes the group (n = 22). Both groups participated in 24 sessions of Hydro-HIIT, 48 h before and after Hydro-HIIT, the GDLAM index, depression, and anxiety scores and markers of oxidative dysfunction were quantified. After intervention, GI decreased in both groups (non-diabetes group = −24%; diabetes group = −22%) (p < 0.05), markers of depression (−46%), anxiety (−60%), DCFH-DA (−55%), SOD (+59%), TNF-α (−37%) and IL-1 (−48%) in diabetes group (p < 0.05). The intervention with Hydro-HIIT improves aspects related to functional autonomy, mental health, and exerts consequently, a modulating effect on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in elderly people diagnosed with DM2.
The association between triamcinolone hexacetonide (TH) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) represents a promising treatment due to the potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of these ...compounds. In this study, we evaluated the effects of intra-articular treatment of TH associated with GNPs in a mechanical model of osteoarthritis (OA).
Fifty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Sham; OA; OA+TH; OA+GNPs; OA+TH-GNPs. Both applications were performed 30 and 60 days after the model was induced. After 30 days of the last application, the animals were euthanized.
Only the combined treatment with TH and GNPs promoted a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. The OA+TH-GNPs group obtained a significant reduction in the production of oxidants and oxidative damage markers while an increase in antioxidants. Histologically, all treated groups showed results of a significant increase in cartilage thickness and chondrocyte count, the OA+TH-GNPs group had similar behavior to the group without osteoarthritis, with significantly smaller amounts of chondrocytes than the OA group.
The intra-articular use of TH associated with GNPs may be able to prevent the progression of the pathology and minimize joint degradation.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered an inflammatory and degenerative joint disease, characterized by loss of hyaline joint cartilage and adjacent bone remodeling with the formation of osteophytes, ...accompanied by various degrees of functional limitation and reduction in the quality of life of individuals. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of treatment with physical exercise on the treadmill and swimming in an animal model of osteoarthritis.
Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided (n=12 per group): Sham (S); Osteoarthritis (OA); Osteoarthritis + Treadmill (OA + T); Osteoarthritis + Swimming (OA + S). The mechanical model of OA was induced by median meniscectomy. Thirty days later, the animals started the physical exercise protocols. Both protocols were performed at moderate intensity. Forty-eight hours after the end of the exercise protocols, all animals were anesthetized and euthanized for histological, molecular, and biochemical parameters analysis.
Physical exercise performed on a treadmill was more effective in attenuating the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL6) and positively regulating anti-inflammatories such as IL4, IL10, and TGF-β in relation to other groups.
In addition to maintaining a more balanced oxi-reductive environment within the joint, treadmill exercise provided a more satisfactory morphological outcome regarding the number of chondrocytes in the histological evaluation. As an outcome, better results were found in groups submitted to exercise, mostly treadmill exercise.
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