The experiment aimed to evaluate the fermentative and nutritional profile of the silage of four soybean plant genotypes (BRS 333 RR, Pampeanas: C50, C60, and C70) ensiled with levels of sugarcane (0, ...25, 50, 75, and 100%). The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in factorial scheme 4 × 5 (four soybean genotypes and five levels of sugarcane inclusion) with four replicates. Silages with 100% soybean plant presented the highest levels of butyric acid (P < 0.001) and ammoniacal nitrogen (P < 0.047); however, the intermediate addition of sugarcane contributed to lactic fermentation (P < 0.001). Besides, there was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for the recovery of dry matter, which ranged from 83.28 to 95.29%, with higher values observed for silage with the same proportions of soybean plant and sugarcane. It was verified that the crude protein content exhibited decreasing linear effects (P < 0.001), varying among 4.60 to 7.48% in the silages. It was concluded that the highest recovery of dry matter, the best fermentation profile, and the highest levels of crude protein and digestibility occurred in the inclusion between 25 and 50% of sugarcane in soybean silage, with the superiority of the C50 soybean genotype.
The effects of adding babassu oil (BAO) or buriti oil (BUO) to lamb diets, on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid (FA) composition were evaluated. Feeding BAO reduced ...(P = .02) dry matter intake, kidney fat and dressing percentage, but did not change energy intake and performance. Meat pH, color, protein content and sensorial evaluation were not affected by diet. However, BUO increased (P = .02) intramuscular and subcutaneous fat contents, but decreased shear force. BAO increased (P < .05) trans-monounsaturated FA, total biohydrogenation intermediates (BHI) and the t10:t11 ratio, in meat and subcutaneous fat, but decreased total FA and cis-monounsaturated FA, did not change SFA, and increased (P = .04) PUFA in meat. BUO supplementation promoted the highest (P < .05) SFA and total FA content in subcutaneous fat but did not change PUFA. BAO can be used as an alternative energy source for growing lambs, but does not improve the meat FA composition.
•Babassu oil (BAO) reduced feed intake, but not growth rate.•BAO reduced fat depot weights ad dressing percentage.•Buriti oil (BUO) increased intramuscular fat, and fatty acids in subcutaneous fat.•BAO increased medium chain fatty acids in lamb.•BAO increased t10, c12–18:2 and t10–18:1 in lamb, and the t10- to t11–18:1 ratio.
This study aimed to evaluate the ensiling fermentation profile, chemical composition, and in-situ degradability of mixed ration silages combining babassu by-products as a nutritional alternative for ...livestock. A completely randomised design was used, with four treatments (silages) and five replications (silos), which were composed of: Sugarcane silage, SS (control); sugarcane silage with corn and soybean meal (standard diet, MRSS); sugarcane silage with corn, soybean meal, and babassu flour, MRSF; and sugarcane silage with corn, soybean meal, and babassu cake, MRSC. The highest values (p < 0.05) of dry matter recovery (DMR) were for the MRSS, MRSF, and MRSC treatments, which also had higher dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and non-fibrous carbohydrate contents (NFC), compared to SC treatment, which showed the highest levels of neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin (LIG), and ethanol. The MRSS, MRSF, and MRSC treatments exhibited higher potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP; and higher (P < 0.05) degradability of DM and CP compared to SS treatment. The inclusion of babassu concentrate and by-products in sugarcane silages in the form of total ration acted positively in the qualitative indicators of the silages.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the addition of increasing cottonseed cake contents in the diet. The diets were composed of corn silage (500 g kg
−1
) and concentrate feed (500 g kg
−1
) on a ...dry matter (DM) basis. The treatments consisted of the substitution of 0, 140, 280, and 420 g kg
−1
soybean meal to cottonseed cake in the DM of concentrate feed. Four rams of the Santa Inês breed, average age of 12 months and average weight of 27.77 ± 3.87 kg, were distributed in a Latin square design (4 × 4) in a split-split-plot design, with diets in the plots and as subplots were 5 days of collection and the collection times. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The soybean meal substitution contents by cottonseed cake in the concentrate increased linearly the pH (
P
= 0.019). Ruminal ammonia–nitrogen concentration decreased linearly by 0.0137 mg dL
−1
at each 10 g/kg of substitution and the time after feeding promoted the same effect (
P
< 0.001) decreased linearly by 0.6204 mg dL
−1
at each hour after feeding. There was an increased linearly of 0.0116 mmol mL
−1
at the concentration of propionic (
P
= 0.008) and a reduction of 0.0062 mmol mL
−1
at the concentration of butyric (
P
= 0.009) with cottonseed cake content; however, the substitution did not influence the others short-chain fatty acids. Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the sheep feed did not significantly alter the blood parameters, promoting minor changes in the ruminal parameters mainly in the ruminal ammonia–nitrogen without affecting the animal’s health.
The objective was to evaluate the morphological, productive and chemical characteristics of Crotalarias juncea, spectabilis and ochroleuca, and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) submitted to phosphate ...fertilization levels. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with four doses of phosphorus (0, 100, 200, 300 kg ha
−1
of P
2
O
5
) and four legume cultivars (Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria ochroleucaanda and Cajanus cajan), with four repetitions. There was no interaction between the levels of phosphate fertilizer and the legume species for the productive characteristics studied. There was a positive linear effect for leaf dry matter production, stem dry matter production and total dry matter production as a function of phosphate fertilization. There was a positive linear effect for the levels of leaf crude protein, with enhanced levels of phosphorus. There was greater fertilizer efficiency in legumes, at a dose of 100 kg ha
−1
, with a response of 11.46 kg ha
−1
for leaf dry matter production and 33.40 kg ha
−1
for total dry matter production. Among legumes, Crotalaria spectabilis is recommended due to the higher total dry matter and leaf productivity, greater number of nodules, and better chemical composition and digestibility.
•Mixing fish oil with soybean oil to manipulate rumen fermentation is proposed.•Fish oil supply increases the duodenal flow of C18:1 trans-11 vaccenic acid in lambs.•Small amounts of fish oil do not ...affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients by lambs.
The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the effects of partially replacing soybean oil with small amounts of fish oil blend on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal SCFA and pH, and duodenal flow of fatty acids. Five ram lambs rumen and proximal duodenum-cannulated (51.7±3.1kg of initial BW; mean±SD) were assigned to a 5×5 Latin square design. The oils were added to a basal diet that contained 900g/kg DM of concentrate (corn, soybean meal, soybean hulls, urea, ammonium chloride, limestone, mineral mix, and Rumensin® 100) and 100g/kg DM of forage (fresh sugarcane bagasse). The treatments were as follows: (1) basal diet without added oil (CONT); (2) 40g/kg DM of soybean oil (0FO); (3) 2.5g/kg DM of fish oil blend+37.5g/kg DM of soybean oil (2.5FO); (4) 5g/kg DM of fish oil blend+35g/kg DM of soybean oil (5.0FO); and (5) 7.5g/kg DM of fish oil blend+32.5g/kg DM of soybean oil (7.5FO). All diets were isonitrogenous (160±3g/kg DM of CP). Intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (kg/d) were not affected by the treatments. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF were similar for all diets. The soybean oil and fish oil blend supplements decreased CP digestibility. Total fatty acids digestibility and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher in the diets with oils in comparison to the control diet. Ruminal concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were higher for animals fed the control diet. The ruminal pH was lower for animals consuming the control diet in comparison to the diets with oils. The duodenal flow of C18:0 and C18:1 trans-11 was greater for ram lambs that received soybean oil supplements, and the duodenal flow of C18:1 trans-11 and CLA C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 was greater for diets with oils. In addition, C18:1 trans-11 flow to the duodenum increased linearly as fish oil blend was added to the diets. The ruminal biohydrogenarion of C18:2 cis-12; C18:3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were similar for all diets. When associated with high amounts of soybean oil, only a small amount of fish oil blend (2.5g/kg DM) was necessary to optimize the ruminal concentration of CLA. In spite of this finding, the addition of 7.5g/kg DM of fish oil blend mixed with 32.5g/kg DM of soybean oil is recommended, because it increased the duodenal flow of C18:1 trans-11 vaccenic acid. Using soybean oil as the only source of additional fat improved the lipid profile of the duodenal contents, but the partial replacement of soybean oil with fish oil blend shown to be a more efficient strategy to raise the profile of fatty in the duodenal content.
The aim of this study was to compare the performance, intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, carcass traits, and the yield of commercial cuts of Santa Ines (SI) and Rabo Largo (RL) breeds fed ...diets with high or low roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C) under a tropical climate. Twenty lambs from each breed were individually housed in covered pens and fed the experimental diets for 58 days. The diets were formulated to meet the growth requirements of lambs with a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 70:30 and 30:70. Significant interactions of breed × diet for nutrient intake were observed (
P
< 0.05), with SI lambs fed low R:C diet showing higher intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrates compared to RL lambs fed the same diet. SI lambs fed high R:C diet had higher intake of neutral detergent fiber than RL lambs (
P
< 0.05). SI lambs displayed better average daily gain and feed efficiency, regardless of diet (
P
< 0.05). Carcass traits and gastrointestinal components were influenced by breed and diet (
P
< 0.05). SI lambs fed low R:C diet showed higher subcutaneous fat thickness and better carcass finishing compared to RL lambs (
P
< 0.05). SI breed lambs exhibited better growth performance, carcass traits, and gastrointestinal characteristics, even when fed diets with a high roughage-to-concentrate ratio.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of greasy babassu by-product (GBB) effects on ingestive behaviour, physiological parameters and carcase traits. Twenty-eight ...lambs (20.6 ± 4.1 kg of initial BW) were distributed in a completely randomised design being confined for 60 days. The treatments were GBB inclusion levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg
-1
, in DM basis) in diets with 20% roughage and 80% concentrate (DM basis). Physiological parameters and ingestive behaviour did not change with the inclusion of GBB in the diets (P > 0.05); however, the time of ruminating tended to decrease as well as the time of ruminating chews per bolus, and number of ruminating chews per bolus (P < 0.10). Additionally, inclusion of GBB did not change the carcase traits and commercial meat cuts (P > 0.05). Thus, the addition of GBB up to 150 g kg
-1
in the diet for finishing lambs represents an attractive alternative feed for corn and soybean meal, which does not modify the physiological parameters, ingestive behaviour and carcase traits.
This experiment aimed to compare the effects of adding babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) in goat kids diets on physiological response, feeding behaviour and water intake. Twenty-eight goat kids (24.5 Â ± ...4.0 kg initial BW) have distributed in a randomized block design and confined for 22 days. The treatments were BMF levels (0, 10, 20 or 30%, in DM basis) in the diet with 30% roughage and 70% concentrate (DM basis). The BMF added into the diet did not change (P > 0.05) dry matter (DM) intake, feeding efficiency of DM, feeding behaviour, water intake, chewing, rumination efficiency of DM and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). However, NDF intake and consequently their feed efficiency increased linearly (P < 0.05) with BMF addition, while the respiratory rate (RR) did not change (P > 0.05). Within climatic conditions evaluated, BMF inclusion did not cause caloric stress, although had increased linearly body temperature and had a quadratic effect for rectal temperature. In addition, the ingestive behaviour has not been altered, indicating that up to 30% of this ingredient can be added in the diet of finishing goat kids.
This research evaluated the effects of biscuit bran and cashew nut bran as energy source and additional energy level on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, energy partitioning, N balance, and ...blood parameters on ewes. Twenty Morada Nova cull ewes breed (average age of 3 years old and initial body weight of 30.1 ± 3.56 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme of two energy sources (biscuit bran vs. cashew nut bran) and two levels of energy above 10% and 25% of the recommended energy requirements. The inclusion of cashew nut bran above 10% of the recommended energy promoted a lower crude protein (CP) and ethereal extract intake (
P
< 0.01) than cashew nut bran above 25% of the recommended energy. The interaction between energy source × energy level did not affect digestibility and energy partition on ewes (
P
> 0.05). The diet containing cashew nut bran above 10% of the recommended energy presented lower metabolizable energy intake and energy balance (
P
< 0.05). Regarding N balance, the cashew nut bran diet above 10% of the recommended energy decreased N
intake
(
P
= 0.01), N
absorbed
(
P
< 0.01), and N
balance
(
P
= 0.04). Partial replacement of corn with the byproduct biscuit bran or cashew nut bran is a possible nutritional strategy. Ewes fed with 210 g/kg of biscuit bran presented greater CP intake and improvement of the protein use with the reduction of plasma levels of urea.
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