In experimental and theoretical physics, we measure time as the duration of material changes that run into space. We have no scientific evidence that would be based on the elementary perception and ...would prove that clocks run in some physical time. Universal space is time-invariant,
in the sense that time is not its fourth dimension. In time-invariant space, motion happens only in space and not in time. Time as duration enters existence as an emergent physical quantity and is the result of the observer's measurement. Linear time “past-present-future” is psychological
time that runs only in the brain. Universal change runs in time-invariant space, in this sense the universe is timeless. Temporal cognition occurs in the frame of psychological time, and timeless cognition occurs without the impact of psychological time.
In today’s physics, opinions on what is time are different. Some physicists deny the existence of time, and others think that time has physical existence. Nevertheless, time was never directly ...perceived by senses. With our eyes, we perceive the flow of material changes, i.e.,
motion in space. Our recent proposal is that universal space is time-invariant in the sense there is no physical time which would be the fourth dimension of space. The model of space-time is replaced with the model of time-invariant space, where we perceive the flow of material changes. In
past years, neuroscience has discovered that linear psychological time “past-present-future” has origin in neuronal activity of the brain. An observer is experiencing the flow of material changes in the frame of psychological time. With eyes, we do not perceive some physical time
in which material changes run. The observer perceives a stream of changes that run in the time-invariant space. This stream of changes the observer experiences in the brain through the psychological liner time. In the universe, there is no linear time past‐present‐future, material
changes run in time-invariant space. An observer only perceives changes (not time) and he experiences changes in the frame of psychological time. The observer (the subject) is beyond psychological time, and it does not change during a human lifetime. Observer can be understood as the function
of consciousness.
Since the beginning of physics, time is the duration of material changes. We measure time with clocks. The notion of time in Newton physics, Einstein's relativity, and quantum physics are different ...despite we always measure the same time with the same apparatuses that are clocks.
We showed in this article that the act of the measurement done by the observer is generating duration. Time as duration is the result of the interaction between the observer and physical reality via clocks. In the universe, only changes exist. Changes have no duration on their own. Time as
duration is born with the measurement done by the observer. Duration is relative and depends on the variable energy density of time-invariant superfluid quantum space that is the carrier of EPR-type entanglement.
Can physical objects be in time-symmetry? Physical objects can only exist in a medium that has physical attributes, which means this medium is a type of energy. Is time energy? This article will show ...that time is not energy, and there is no possibility that physical objects could be
in time-symmetry. Physical objects can only be in symmetry in the time-invariant space, in which they exist. In this perspective, time measured with clocks is the result of the observer's measurement in the time-invariant space. The time-symmetry model is flawed.
The mass gap problem is about defining the constant that defines the minimal excitation of the vacuum. Planck's constant is defining the minimal possible excitation of the vacuum from the point of ...quantum mechanics. The mass gap problem can be solved in quantum mechanics by the
formulation of the photon's mass according to the Planck-Einstein relation.
Big Bang cosmology is problematic because of the hypothetical beginning that is not in accord with the conservation of energy. Furthermore, it is based on the interpretation of astronomical data that ...is questionable. Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is not direct proof of
the existence of the recombination period in some remote physical past. Cosmological redshift can be seen as the "tired light effect" proposed by Zwicky Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 15, 773 (1929). Based on direct reading of astronomical data, here we introduce a model
of the universe, which predicts that in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in the centers of galaxies, matter is transforming back into the elementary particles in the form of huge jets that are throwing elementary particles into the intergalactic space and so creating "fresh material"
for new stars formation. This process occurring in AGNs, invoked by our model, has no beginning, and it is in permanent dynamic equilibrium, non-created, which means the universe is eternal. The entropy of the universe as a whole is constant.
Advances of relativity theory Sorli, Amrit S; Celan, Stefan
Physics essays,
06/2021, Volume:
34, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Advances of relativity theory are in the replacement of the space-time model with time-invariant universal space that has a variable energy density. Every physical object with mass m and energy E is ...diminishing the energy density of space exactly for the amount of its
energy. Lorentz factor has its origin in the variable density of universal space, we call it "superfluid quantum space"-SQS that is the primordial energy of the universe. Universal SQS is the absolute frame of reference for all observers as confirmed experimentally by the
general positioning system, which demonstrates that the relative rate of clocks is valid for all observers. A planet's perihelion precession and the Sagnac effect are the results of the SQS dragging effect.
The novelty of 21st-century physics is the development of the “superfluid quantum vacuum” model, also named “superfluid quantum space” that is replacing space-time as the fundamental arena of the ...universe. It also represents the model that has the potential of unifying four fundamental forces of the universe. Superfluid quantum space is represented as the time-invariant fundamental field of the universe where time is merely the duration of material changes.
The objective of this work was to increase laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus PLAB through culture medium optimization using solid state culture conditions. Increased laccase activity was ...obtained through design of experiments (DOE) using the Taguchi orthogonal array (OA). Seven factors, viz. lignocellulose, glucose, yeast extract, peptone, KH(2)PO(4), MgSO(4) 7H(2)O and MnSO(4) H(2)O at three levels and pH at two levels. OA layout of L18 (2(1) x 3(7)) was selected for the proposed experimental design using Minitab 17 software. Data analysis showed that lignocellulose (20 %) and glucose (10 g L1) had positive effect, whereas KH(2)PO(4), MgSO(4)∙7H(2)O and MnSO(4)∙H(2)O did not have significant effect on laccase production. Taguchi OA analysis showed that pH 6, lignocellulose 20 %, glucose 10 g L(-1), yeast extract 6 g L(-1), peptone 15 g L(-1), KH(2)PO(4) 3 g L1, MgSO(4)∙7H(2)O 0.5 g L(-1) and MnSO(4)∙H(2)O 0.1 g L-1 were the optimal conditions to maximize laccase production. The model predicted a 30.37 U g(-1) dry wt., which agreed with the experimentally obtained laccase activity 29.15 U g(-1) dry wt. at optimal conditions.
The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of commercially available oil-soluble rosemary extracts VivOX 20 and VivOX 4 were investigated against lipid oxidation and microbial growth in vacuum-packed ...chicken frankfurters. The content of the main active ingredient, carnosic acid, in extracts was 20% and 4% (w/w), respectively. For comparison, the activity of commercially available preservative Robin LI LS was also tested. The control was chicken frankfurters made without test additives. Antioxidant activity tests were performed at 3 storage temperatures (4, 12, 25 °C), using the Rancimat method. Antimicrobial effect was investigated by aerobic plate count. Results showed that both rosemary preparations possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that may make them useful in the food industry. In chicken frankfurters with added VivOX 20 and VivOX 4, higher oxidative stability was exhibited at all storage temperatures, as in frankfurters with Robin LI LS. Addition of VivOX 20, VivOX 4, and Robin LI LS also significantly reduced the aerobic plate count, compared to controls, stored at 4 or 12 °C.
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