OpenAI has released the Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) and revolutionized the approach in artificial intelligence to human-model interaction. The first contact with the chatbot ...reveals its ability to provide detailed and precise answers in various areas. Several publications on ChatGPT evaluation test its effectiveness on well-known natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the existing studies are mostly non-automated and tested on a very limited scale. In this work, we examined ChatGPT’s capabilities on 25 diverse analytical NLP tasks, most of them subjective even to humans, such as sentiment analysis, emotion recognition, offensiveness, and stance detection. In contrast, the other tasks require more objective reasoning like word sense disambiguation, linguistic acceptability, and question answering. We also evaluated GPT-4 model on five selected subsets of NLP tasks. We automated ChatGPT and GPT-4 prompting process and analyzed more than 49k responses. Our comparison of its results with available State-of-the-Art (SOTA) solutions showed that the average loss in quality of the ChatGPT model was about 25% for zero-shot and few-shot evaluation. For GPT-4 model, a loss for semantic tasks is significantly lower than for ChatGPT. We showed that the more difficult the task (lower SOTA performance), the higher the ChatGPT loss. It especially refers to pragmatic NLP problems like emotion recognition. We also tested the ability to personalize ChatGPT responses for selected subjective tasks via Random Contextual Few-Shot Personalization, and we obtained significantly better user-based predictions. Additional qualitative analysis revealed a ChatGPT bias, most likely due to the rules imposed on human trainers by OpenAI. Our results provide the basis for a fundamental discussion of whether the high quality of recent predictive NLP models can indicate a tool’s usefulness to society and how the learning and validation procedures for such systems should be established.
•The results of ChatGPT and GPT-4 evaluation on 25 tasks using 48k＋ prompts.•Context-awareness and personalization are valuable capabilities of ChatGPT.•ChatGPT and GPT-4 are always worse compared to SOTA methods from 4% to over 70%.•ChatGPT loss tends to be higher for more difficult reasoning problems.•ChatGPT can boost AI development and change our daily lives.
El arquitecto Alejandro de la Sota mostró, a lo largo de toda su vida, un gran interés por el dibujo. Interés que va más allá del mero uso profesional, como medio necesario de comunicación entre el ...proyecto y la construcción: así, en un buen número de textos, expresa la importancia del dibujo como manifestación de un proceso mental, que confiere dimensión pública a esa mirada intensa y no siempre consciente hacia el interior, en la que sitúa el germen del proyecto. Observar sus dibujos, y confrontarlos con las memorias de algunos de sus proyectos, nos muestra su coherencia intelectual y creativa, la correspondencia entre ideas y formas. La abstracción de sus dibujos, tan próxima a la de las caricaturas que también practicó, sintoniza con el carácter de la arquitectura que, de manera continuada, proyectó desde la segunda mitad de los años 50 hasta el final de su vida.
Alejandro de la Sota es un maestro fundamental de la arquitectura española del siglo XX. Su trayectoria profesional es el resultado de una incansable búsqueda personal, si bien en ella se revela como ...decisiva la transferencia de conocimientos de otros ámbitos tecnológicos más avanzados, fruto de sus experiencias en el sector aeronáutico. A partir de ellas, desarrolla una profunda admiración por la tecnología, la ingeniería y sus métodos para resolver problemas, basados en la búsqueda de soluciones universales desde el trabajo anónimo en equipo. Pese a la trascendencia del tema, las incursiones de De la Sota en el mundo de la aeronáutica apenas han sido objeto de investigación. Por ello, el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la profunda influencia que estas ejercieron en su manera de entender la arquitectura y de abordar la resolución de sus proyectos. Para ello, en primer lugar, se han estudiado los vínculos del arquitecto con el sector aeronáutico. En segundo lugar, se han analizado cronológicamente sus trabajos realizados en este ámbito. Para concluir, se ha extraído su posible influencia en la evolución de su trayectoria.
Korkea peli Aleksi Mainio
Ennen ja nyt,
03/2024, Volume:
24, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Suojelupoliisi tutki yöpakkaskriisin päivinä emigrantti Vadim Björkelundin suurta, poikkeuksellisen monihaaraista vakoilujuttua. Selväksi tuli, että maanpetoksellinen toiminta oli saanut alkunsa pian ...jatkosodan jälkeen, mutta tuomiota siitä ei koskaan annettu. Miksi syytettä ei nostettu? Mitä tapaus kertoo vuosien 1944–1959 Suomesta? Venäläisemigranttien ja eri maiden tiedustelu-upseerien ristikkäistä maailmaa on tutkittu melko hyvin vuosien 1917–1939 osalta, mutta myöhempi tilanne on monessa suhteessa tuntematon. Artikkelissa päähuomio kiinnittyy vuosien 1944–47, 1953 ja 1958–59 taitekohtiin. Ensimmäinen avaa portit Neuvostoliiton tiedustelulle, toinen nostaa Suomen vastavakoilun näkyvämmin esiin ja kolmas mullistaa vielä kerran eri tiedustelu- ja turvallisuuspalveluiden valtasuhteet. Lähdepohja rakentuu erityisesti Suojelupoliisin arkiston ja sen agenttitietoja paljastavien, sensuroimattomien osien varaan. In 1958, the Finnish security police discovered a major espionage case related to a Russian emigrant Vadim Björkelund. It became clear that Björkelund, a Finnish citizen, had worked as an agent for the KGB since the beginning of 1945. However, he was never charged with espionage. How is this possible, since evidence for a treason case was indisputable? And what does this reveal about Finland's international position and relations with the Soviet Union? Connections of Russian emigrants to the security and intelligence services during 1917–1939 have been studied quite a lot, but the years after that are largely unknown. This article focuses on the years 1944–47, 1953 and 1958–59, that are all turning points in the Finnish-Soviet relations, as changes in relations during these years also greatly affected Björkelund’s role as a trator and eventually dictated his destiny. Materials of the archives of the Finnish Security Police serve as main sources of this article.
The use of advanced electrochemical methods provides a significant methodological approach to a variety of tasks and research problems in bioelectrochemistry. Of particular importance in terms of ...bioelectrochemical aspects is the electrochemical behavior of viruses at charged interfaces. The gold electrode is considered ideal for investigating the behavior of biomolecules in aqueous media. Gold nanoparticles (nAu) have unique properties that allow them to be used to facilitate electron transfer between the electrode surface and biomolecules, making them a promising choice as a bioelectrochemical catalyst. The aim of the study is the analysis and physicochemical characterization of the Newcastle virus (NCV) La Sota strain, Newvac vaccine in phosphate buffer solution (PB) using gold nanoparticles as sensitizers. With respect to the electrochemical and electrical parameters, the Au/electrolyte interface constituted a system studied by Open Circuit Potentiometry (OCP), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) and Chronopotentiometry (CP) in association with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Gold nanoparticles have the role of sensitizing the redox processes in which the La Sota virus participates, as indicated by the amount of charge passing through the interface associated with anodic processes (Qa / Qc) increases from 0.31 (PB), 0.43 (PB-nAu), 0.54 (PB_NCV) to 0.61 (PB_nAu_NCV).
