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•Visualising served (vs. packaged) food in AR increases purchase intent.•Visualising packaged (vs. served) food in 3D increases purchase intent•Simulation of eating process mediates ...the effect of served food in AR on purchase intent.•Simulation of eating outcome mediates the effect of packaged food in 3D on purchase intent.•Interactivity and immersion mediate the effect of packaged food in 3D on simulation of eating experiences.
This research examines how consumers’ intentions to purchase food change depending on the visualisation mode (3D vs. AR) and product format (served vs. packaged). In three studies, we demonstrate that mental simulation of eating experiences (process and outcome) mediate these effects. Study 1 shows that AR visualisation of a served food improves simulation of the eating process over 3D visualisation, with a positive effect on purchase intention. Study 2 reveals that 3D visualisation improves purchase intention for packaged products (high instrumental properties) over served products (low instrumental properties) while the opposite is true for AR visualisation. In addition, interactivity and immersion mediate the effects of 3D (vs. AR) on mental simulation of the eating process for packaged products. Study 3 extends these results by showing that 3D increases purchase intention by eliciting mental simulation of the eating outcome, when the food is visible due to transparent (vs. opaque) packaging (displaying both sensory and instrumental properties), but that no such differences emerge for AR. This research highlights the importance of using different visualisation modes to promote food depending on the product format. The findings have important implications for both offline and online retailers.
This paper investigates the microstructure and damage evolution of plain weave ceramic matrix composites under in-plane shear using the in-situ X-ray computed tomography approach. The actual ...microstructure and damage evolution of material under several successive loading levels have been revealed precisely. A deep-learning-based image segmentation method has been employed to accurately identify material damages, including matrix cracks, delamination, fibre pull-outs and interface debonding. Besides, three-dimensional visual characterisation and quantitative analysis of damage have been carried out to gain a better understanding on the failure mechanisms. For longitudinal tows under shear, the cracks propagate along the loading direction and cause the splitting and sliding failure of tow; For transverse tows under shear, they undergo coupling effects of shear and tension, which results in kink band damage with fibre bridging mechanism. Finally, the connection of longitudinal tow splitting and transverse tow kinking leads to the catastrophic fracture of CMCs under in-plane shear.
Three‐dimensional (3D) representations of anatomical specimens are increasingly used as learning resources. Photogrammetry is a well‐established technique that can be used to generate 3D models and ...has only been recently applied to produce visualisations of cadaveric specimens. This study has developed a semi‐standardised photogrammetry workflow to produce photorealistic models of human specimens. Eight specimens, each with unique anatomical characteristics, were successfully digitised into interactive 3D models using the described workflow and the strengths and limitations of the technique are described. Various tissue types were reconstructed with apparent preservation of geometry and texture which visually resembled the original specimen. Using this workflow, an institution could digitise their existing cadaveric resources, facilitating the delivery of novel educational experiences.
This paper presents a workflow for using photogrammetry as a method by which to reproduce photorealistic, three‐dimensional (3D) cadaveric specimens with high resolution. The paper guides the anatomist through the photogrammetry process, from selection and staging of cadaveric specimens through to equipment and lighting, image acquisition and 3D reconstruction.
•3D Visualisation of lung pathology allows to better estimate the distribution of aerated, poorly aerated and non-aerated lung regions•Forensic COVID-19 autopsy apparently showing a different ...(higher) degree of pathology than hospital autopsy reports compared to SARS-COV-2, but on par with SARS.
Case details: A case of a 50-year old HIV-positive man is presented, with focus on visualization of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) of the lungs, in comparison to a forensic control case. He had been found dead at home, a day after his nasopharyngeal swab had returned positive for SARS-COV-2, three days after the sample had been taken as an outpatient, over five weeks after first exhibiting possible symptoms. 3D-visualization was performed by visually discriminating correlates for aerated, poorly aerated and non-aerated lung regions. The visual side-by-side comparison with a control case shows the deterioration beyond any ”normal” post-mortem finding, however. The PMCT findings in the lungs resemble those of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), while histologically identified inflammation also shows, in part binuclear, lymphocytes. In addition, acute liver dystrophy and acute tubular necrosis in the kidneys were found. Except coronary artery atherosclerosis, there appeared to be no remarkable pathology of the heart.
Comment: With the pandemic impact of SARS-COV-2, a range of issues unfolds, also for medicolegal investigations into deaths, as we report the first Swiss case with post-mortem CT where death had occurred due to a SARS-COV-2 infection, with features of a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, as an outpatient. As this pandemic from the view of risk assessment does constitute a black swan, underestimated fat tails as technical reason should be addressed by also analyzing apparent extreme single observations. This case of an outpatient (without hospital or intensive-care treatment) shows a pulmonary progression beyond the typical findings of COVID-19, to a non-specific picture of ARDS, where histologically, in part binuclear lymphocytes were remarked. What appeared to be an initially slow progression with final rapid escalation raises the question whether nasopharyngeal swabs alone or added pulmonary CT might be better for screening high-risk patients. The reported symptoms and relatively late medical consultation in this case appeared to contrast with the extensive pathology, raising the question whether any search for super-spreaders should not just focus on asymptomatic but under-reported symptomatic patients, and whether their prolonged circulation in everyday life would justify measures such as for example more extensive face mask policies. As post-mortem testing for SARS-COV-2 may not be available for every case, PMCT may provide sensitive testing for lung changes related to COVID-19. In order to allow for more precise medicolegal investigations in the context of COVID-19, however, any more specific extra tests may have to be financed by stakeholders in epidemiology, infectious disease or policy.
Root architecture systems (RAS) reflect the spatial structure of roots in soil. To clarify the structure and distribution of rice roots and investigate the coupling between roots and soil, wetland ...rice was selected as the experimental object, and a three-dimensional (3D) growth model of rice root environment-roots (ERoots) based on the parameter Lindenmayer system (L-system) was proposed. ERoots combines a root morphological structure model with a growth model and defines L-system grammar iteration rules with the unit time and unit step length as parameters. At the same time, the basic growth parameters of rice roots were obtained via destructive detection, and 3D growth visualisation of roots was realised via MATLAB. In the soil coupling process, a soil nutrient simulation map was constructed based on the spatial soil characteristics per unit volume, and an adjustment strategy for roots reaching the growth boundary was designed. The flexibility of the model coupled with soil was reflected in the tropisms of root growth, growth rate and root branching strategy. Finally, combined with soil spatial characteristic simulation, geometric growth boundary and 3D root growth model, the ability of 3D growth visualisation of rice roots was verified under three soil conditions: (1) unconfined root growth, (2) confined spatial root growth, and (3) root growth with tropisms. The results indicated that the ERoots root model basically realised coupling with soil and achieved a satisfactory simulation effect in regard to the rice morphological structure. This study provides a reference for 3D growth modelling and visualisation of other crop roots.
•A 3D rice root growth model, ERoots, was proposed based on parameter L-System.•Root-soil integration was realised by ERoots model.•3D visualisation ability of rice roots under three soil conditions was verified.•Three indicators reflected the flexibility in coupling with soil.
ABSTRACT
Inferring the body mass of fossil taxa, such as non‐avian dinosaurs, provides a powerful tool for interpreting physiological and ecological properties, as well as the ability to study these ...traits through deep time and within a macroevolutionary context. As a result, over the past 100 years a number of studies advanced methods for estimating mass in dinosaurs and other extinct taxa. These methods can be categorized into two major approaches: volumetric‐density (VD) and extant‐scaling (ES). The former receives the most attention in non‐avian dinosaurs and advanced appreciably over the last century: from initial physical scale models to three‐dimensional (3D) virtual techniques that utilize scanned data obtained from entire skeletons. The ES approach is most commonly applied to extinct members of crown clades but some equations are proposed and utilized in non‐avian dinosaurs. Because both approaches share a common goal, they are often viewed in opposition to one another. However, current palaeobiological research problems are often approach specific and, therefore, the decision to utilize a VD or ES approach is largely question dependent. In general, biomechanical and physiological studies benefit from the full‐body reconstruction provided through a VD approach, whereas large‐scale evolutionary and ecological studies require the extensive data sets afforded by an ES approach. This study summarizes both approaches to body mass estimation in stem‐group taxa, specifically non‐avian dinosaurs, and provides a comparative quantitative framework to reciprocally illuminate and corroborate VD and ES approaches. The results indicate that mass estimates are largely consistent between approaches: 73% of VD reconstructions occur within the expected 95% prediction intervals of the ES relationship. However, almost three quarters of outliers occur below the lower 95% prediction interval, indicating that VD mass estimates are, on average, lower than would be expected given their stylopodial circumferences. Inconsistencies (high residual and per cent prediction deviation values) are recovered to a varying degree among all major dinosaurian clades along with an overall tendency for larger deviations between approaches among small‐bodied taxa. Nonetheless, our results indicate a strong corroboration between recent iterations of the VD approach based on 3D specimen scans suggesting that our current understanding of size in dinosaurs, and hence its biological correlates, has improved over time. We advance that VD and ES approaches have fundamentally (metrically) different advantages and, hence, the comparative framework used and advocated here combines the accuracy afforded by ES with the precision provided by VD and permits the rapid identification of discrepancies with the potential to open new areas of discussion.
Many countries where the industrial development and production rates are high face many side effects of low air quality and air pollution. There is an evident correlation between the topographic and ...climatic properties of a location and the air pollution and air quality on that location. As the variation of air quality is dependent on location, air quality information should be acquired, utilised, stored and presented in form of Geo-Information. On the other hand, as this information is related with the health concerns of public, the information should be available publicly, and needs to be presented through an easily accessible medium and through a commonly used interface. Efficient storage of time-varying air quality information when combined with an efficient mechanism of 3D web-based visualisation would help very much in dissemination of air quality information to public. This research is focused on web-based 3D visualisation of time-varying air quality data. A web based interactive system is developed to visualise pollutant levels that were acquired as hourly intervals from more than 100 stations in Turkey between years 2008 and 2017. The research also concentrated on visualisation of geospatial high volume data. In the system, visualisation can be achieved on-demand by querying an air pollutant information database of 10.330.629 records and a city object database with more than 700.000 records. The paper elaborates on the details of this research. Following a background on air quality, air quality models, and Geo-Information visualisation, the system architecture and functionality is presented. The paper concludes with results of usability tests of the system.
Digital 3D visualisation tools have been increasingly used to supplement anatomy teaching with positive results reported in knowledge acquisition, 3D spatial understanding, and active student ...engagement. Despite their well-documented benefits, evidence of their learning effect on head and neck anatomy is limited.
This cross-over design study aimed to compare using Complete Anatomy (CA) and conventional methods (prosections and plastic models) to learn laryngeal anatomy. Fifty-four first-year dental and dental hygiene students were randomly assigned to a CA and a conventional group. Pre- and post-tests were used to compare groups' knowledge gains, and a feedback questionnaire was used to compare students' perceptions towards CA.
Both groups improved significantly in the post-test compared to the pre-test (Cohen's d ≥ 0.8). The conventional group significantly outperformed their counterparts in total (Cohen's d = 0.57) and written questions (Cohen's d = 0.9). However, both groups performed equally in the identification questions. Question-based analysis shows that the CA group performed significantly better in the identification questions than in the written questions (Cohen's d = 0.51). Nearly half the students perceived the CA application as easy to use, and the same proportion believed CA assisted their learning of laryngeal anatomy.
This study provides further evidence of the effectiveness of CA in knowledge gain and anatomical recognition and supports its use as supplementary to anatomy education in general and head and neck anatomy in particular.
•CA facilitates the recognition of laryngeal structures.•Students perceived CA as an independent anatomy learning tool.•Learning complex and small anatomical structures can be optimised using CA.
3D waterlogging visualisation is an immersive method to understand how water accumulates in specific areas. Since urban waterlogging involves complex subsystems above and below the ground, augmented ...reality (AR) visualisation is especially effective for risk perception. In this paper, a 3D visualisation method for urban road waterlogging based on mobile augmented reality is proposed. The waterlogging situation is simulated by integrating open-source Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Weighted Cellular Automata 2D Inundation Model (WCA2D). The 3D pipe network and road inundation volume objects are constructed and organised as the basic geospatial objects for AR visualisation. Then, the simulated flow results are mapped and fused with 3D objects, achieving enhanced waterlogging visualisation based on mobile augmented reality. The method is applied to a case study in Wuhan, China. The results demonstrate that underground pipe drainage and surface runoff processes can be presented intuitively from the perspective of mobile AR. The scene rendering organised by the multilevel index is smooth, with an FPS of more than 30 frames. This research provides methodological and practical references for the general public to increase waterlogging awareness and make emergency decisions.
To comprehend a scene, and use and interact with objects in an augmented reality (AR) application correctly, Degrees of Freedom (6 DoF) object pose estimation is a crucial task. By supplying exact 3D ...pixel coordinates, the incorporation of depth photos has resulted in substantial gains. However, depth photos are not always simple to find; for instance, mobile phones and tablets, which are common devices for augmented reality apps, do not provide any depth information. As a result, a lot of study is focused on determining the poses of known objects using simple RGB images. 3D Poorly textured object detection is a challenging task due to their lack of distinctive features, limited appearance variations, ambiguity with the background, occlusion challenges, lighting and reflection effects, and lack of distinct and unique features. In this study, we created a framework to automate the workflow for predicting brain tumour segmentation and 6 DoF phantom head localisation. Our framework named Hologram-Tumour 'HOLOTumour' provides an augmented-reality rendering with 3D AR visualisation and interaction, generates the 3D model of the brain with a segmented tumour based on Geodesic-Aided Chan-Vese Model employing a local Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) dataset, and outputs the phantom head 6 DoF pose estimation using generalisable object pose estimator, Gen6D, employing only RGB images for a texture-less object. Based on the comparison study including the accuracy and inference runtimes scores, the 6 DoF pose estimation of the printed phantom head and brain tumour segmentation achieve promising performance. Medical professionals may identify brain tumours with the help of the HOLOTumour platform, which can also be used for professional practice and training in medicine.
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