La arteterapia contempla intervenciones que promueven la salud mental. Este estudio busca evaluar intervenciones arteterapéuticas grupales virtuales para afrontar el aislamiento durante la pandemia ...por COVID-19, en 39 adolescentes paraguayos de entre 12 y 18 años, de zonas rurales de San Pedro y Caaguazú, Paraguay. El muestreo fue no probabilístico intencional, según criterios de vulnerabilidad, condición de pobreza y proactividad para influir en su comunidad. Se realizó una evaluación programática con diseño mixto triangular concurrente. El método cuantitativo fue descriptivo-exploratorio y el método cualitativo fue deductivo, según áreas de interés. Se administraron la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adolescentes BIEPS-J y la Encuesta ArteSanando de Valoración del/a Participante, además de grupos focales y análisis de producción artística. Los participantes de ambos grupos de edad reportaron un alto bienestar psicológico (M = 36.2, DE = 3.28). Sus niveles de Control de Situaciones (M = 11.0, DE = 1.28), Aceptación de Sí (M = 7.94, DE = 9.00) y Vínculos Psicosociales (M = 8.39, DE = 9.00) son moderados. Se destaca el factor Proyectos Personales (M = 8.83, DE = 9.00) en un nivel alto. En los relatos cualitativos de los participantes se evidencia un marcado aumento del bienestar psicológico, del desarrollo y la consolidación del sentido de pertenencia, las habilidades de afrontamiento y la expresión artística, con consistencia al triangular datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés--observados al inicio y relacionados al confinamiento--aminoraron luego del vínculo grupal creado, aumentaron la apertura a la autoaceptación, la sensación de tener el control de las situaciones y el poder diseñar proyectos personales, que son importantes, en contextos inciertos como la pandemia, para dar sentido a la propia vida mediante metas a largo plazo. Palabras clave: arteterapia, COVID-19, bienestar psicológico, adolescentes, Paraguay Art therapy has social and individual benefits that promote mental health, though has limited scientific studies on evidence of efficacy and effectiveness. This study aims to evaluate online group art therapy interventions to face isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic in N = 39 Paraguayan adolescents aged 12-18 years, from rural areas of San Pedro and Caaguazú. Sampling was non-probabilistic and intentional. Participants were previously selected according to criteria of vulnerability and poverty status, as well as characteristics of proactivity to exert influence in their community. A program evaluation was carried out with a concurrent triangular mixed design. The quantitative method was descriptive-exploratory and the qualitative method was deductive according to areas of interest. Quantitative measures included Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adolescents (BIEPS-J; Casullo & Castro, 2000) with high reliability (alpha > .80), and validity evidence in relation to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, r =.44, p < .001 (Luna et al., 2020); and the ArteSanando Survey on Participant Appraisal, developed for this study. For qualitative data, 13 focus groups were conducted with questions about Psychological Well-Being, Coping Skills, Satisfaction, Identity, Expression, Self-Concept, Group Cohesion, Belonging, Artistic and Creative Interests, and Openness to Experience, in addition to analyses of participants' artistic production during workshops. Thirteen workshops were conducted in two stages, covering a total of 4 months. The first stage took place between October and December 2020, and the second between January and February 2021, before starting the school year. Artistic dynamics of the first stage (1st-5th workshops) consisted of readings, photographs, movement- dance, crafts, drawing, contact with nature and with oneself. Dynamics of the second stage (6th-13th workshops) included handicrafts, movement and dance, graffiti, poetry, acting and rap composition. Meetings were synchronous, with asynchronous support. Comparing the overall psychological well-being score in ArteSanando participants to that of the general population, the effect size (d = 1.5) is high (Cohen, 1988). Of the adolescents who participated in ArteSanando, 78.8 % score above the mean of the general population group (Luna et al., 2020), 68.9 % of both groups overlap, and there is a 71.4 % probability that a randomly selected person from the ArteSanando group will have higher psychological well-being than a randomly selected person from the general population group. The levels of Situation Control (M = 11.0, SD = 1.28), Self-Acceptance (M = 7.94, SD = 9.00) and Psychosocial Relationships (M = 8.39, SD = 9.00) are moderate. The Personal Projects factor stands out (M = 8.83, SD = 9.00) reaching a high level. In participant stories, a marked increase in subjective well-being is evidenced, along with development and consolidation of the sense of belongingness, coping skills, and artistic expression. At the beginning of workshops, stories and body language of adolescents coincided with what evidence indicates as the psychological impact of confinement; symptoms of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress (Ramírez-Ortiz et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2020). However, as a result of group bonding, warmth and empathy contributed to well-being. This initial openness may have favored acceptance and appreciation of themselves, to later develop a sense of being in control of situations, especially important in uncertain contexts such as the pandemic. In turn, this ability to create or modify contexts so that they fit personal needs and interests, opens the way to feeling capable of designing personal projects, attributing meaning to one's own life through long-term goals and projects. This ability is especially important in adolescence to find healthy motivations that lead to a healthy future (Ovid, 2003). Projecting oneself in this way is difficult in a context of isolation, where emotions tend towards hopelessness (Ramírez-Ortiz et al., 2020), so that in addition to being a positive indicator of mental health, it can act as a protective factor in crisis contexts (Longo, 2012). Keywords: art therapy, COVID-19, psychological well-being, adolescents, Paraguay
Background: Internationally adopted children who suffered early institutionalization are at risk of a late onset of internalizing problems in adolescence. Both pre-adoption, adversity-related, and ...post-adoption factors predict variability in internalizing problems in this population. Previous studies have suggested different patterns of parent-adolescent informant discrepancies in adoptive dyads. Method: We analyzed internalizing problems among 66 adolescents internationally adopted from Russia to Spanish families using both the parent- and self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and comparing them with a low-risk, community group (n = 30). We assessed pre-adoption and post-adoption factors and evaluated cross-informant discrepancies. Results: Internationally adopted adolescents exhibited more internalizing problems by parent-report than community adolescents, but there were no differences by self-report. Adopted youth showed no discrepancies between parent and self-report, whereas community adolescents reported more internalizing symptoms than their parents. Pre-adoption adversity-related factors predicted parent-reported internalizing problems, while post-adoption factors predicted self-reported internalizing problems. Conclusions: Parent-adolescent informant discrepancies in adopted adolescents from Eastern Europe for internalizing symptoms were lower than in community adolescents. Both adversity-related factors and the lived experience of adoption may influence the development of internalizing symptoms in internationally adopted adolescents. Keywords: International adoption Early adversity Internalizing problems Post-adoption processes Informant discrepancies Antecedentes: Los ninos y ninas adoptados internacionalmente estan en riesgo de desarrollar problemas emocionales en la adolescencia. Factores relacionados con la adversidad y con procesos post-adopcion predicen variabilidad en problemas internalizantes en esta poblacion. Estudios previos sugieren tambien diferentes patrones de discrepancias entre informantes en diadas adoptivas. Metodo: Analizamos los problemas internalizantes en 66 adolescentes adoptados de Rusia a familias espanolas, usando el Cuestionario de Capacidades y Fortalezas y comparandoles con un grupo adolescentes de la comunidad (n = 30). Evaluamos factores pre- y post-adopcion y discrepancias entre informantes (autoinforme e informe parental). Resultados: Los adolescentes adoptados mostraron mas problemas internalizantes por informe parental que los adolescentes comunitarios, pero no hubo diferencias por autoinforme. En el grupo adoptado no hubo discrepancias entre informantes, mientras que el grupo de comparacion reporto mas sintomas internalizantes que sus progenitores. Factores relacionados con la adversidad predijeron problemas internalizantes por informe parental, mientras que factores post-adopcion predijeron problemas internalizantes por autoinforme. Conclusiones: Las discrepancias entre informantes en problemas internalizantes fueron menores en adolescentes adoptados que en adolescentes de la comunidad. Tanto factores relacionados con la adversidad como con la vivencia de la adopcion pueden influir en el desarrollo de problemas internalizantes en adolescentes adoptados internacionalmente. Palabras clave: Adopcion internacional Adversidad temprana Problemas internalizantes Procesos post-adopcion Discrepancias entre informantes
La Escala de Control Psicológico-Autoinforme Adolescente (PCS-YSR, siglas en inglés de Psychological Control Scale-Youth Self-Report) se ha utilizado ampliamente para evaluar las percepciones del ...control psicológico parental en diversos períodos de desarrollo y países. Sin embargo, la información sobre las propiedades psicométricas de la PCS-YSR es limitada, especialmente en muestras indonesias. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión indonesia de la PCS-YSR utilizando tanto el enfoque del modelo Rasch como el análisis factorial. El estudio empleó un método de muestreo por conveniencia, que involucró 886 adolescentes de entre 12 y 20 años. El enfoque del modelo Rasch incluyó el Análisis de Componentes Principales de Residuos Rasch, la estimación de infit y outfit, la confiabilidad de la persona y el ítem, y la función diferencial del ítem. El enfoque del análisis factorial involucró el análisis factorial confirmatorio, la confiabilidad Omega y la invarianza de la medición. Los resultados del enfoque del modelo Rasch mostraron que la versión indonesia del PCS-YSR solo explicó un modelo unidimensional con una varianza del 38,1%, a pesar de tener estimaciones de infit y outfit aceptables. Por otro lado, los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio indicaron un ajuste satisfactorio para un modelo unidimensional, aunque algunos ítems tenían cargas factoriales inadecuadas. Además, los ítems de la versión indonesia del PCS-YSR no exhibieron sesgo de respuesta entre los grupos. Sin embargo, la versión indonesia del PCS-YSR logró la invarianza de la medición solo en los grupos de género y edad, mientras que no se logró la invarianza de la medición en los padres. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la versión indonesia del PCS-YSR se puede utilizar para medir las percepciones de control psicológico parental en muestras indonesias, dadas sus propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias basadas en los enfoques del modelo Rasch y del análisis factorial.
It is an intriguing question of how people can reduce stress in situations where internal moral standards are violated. The moral distancing theory that addresses this question has been proposed to ...explain the different cognitive mechanisms facilitating people's involvement in or witnessing moral violations. Several findings showed that individual differences and contextual factors might explain moral disengagement tendencies. Beyond showing the correlations between moral disengagement processes and individual differences and contextual factors, it is also valuable to investigate if there is an effective way to intervene in moral disengagement. This review article addresses the previously shown evidence regarding individual differences, contextual factors, and interventions, which aim to enrich our understanding of the underlying psychological mechanisms to reduce unethical behaviors. Taken together, Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism were found to be individual differences associated with moral disengagement. Additionally, less research showed that attachment styles, political attitudes, moral identity, and emotions might be essential to experience moral disengagement. Although several studies showed that individual differences are related to being more prone to moral disengagement, these studies were rarely considered in intervention programs aiming to reduce immoral behaviors. Programs that have been designed to reduce moral disengagement overlook the longterm effects. Additionally, interventions often focus on the work environment and adolescence. In the future, interventions that include longitudinal designs considering the role of individual differences and different contexts might contribute to the relevant literature.. Keywords: Moral psychology, moral disengagement, individual differences, intervention studies Kisilerin icsel ahlaki standartlarin ihlal edildigi durumlarda nasil dusuk duzeyde stres deneyimledigi merak uyandiran bir sorudur. Bu soruyu ele alan ahlaki uzaklafma teorisi, insanlarin ahlaki ihlallere dahil veya tanik olmasini kolaylastiran farkli bilissel mekanizmalari aciklamak uzere one surulmstur. Incelemeler ahlaki uzaklasmaya iliskin egilimlerin baglamsal faktorlerin yani sira bireysel farkliliklarla da aciklanabilecegine isaret etmektedir. Ahlaki uzaklasmanin bireysel farkliliklar ve baglamsal faktorlerle iliskisinin otesinde, ahlaki uzaklasmaya mudahale etmenin etkili bir yolu olup olmadigini arastirmak da oldukca degerlidir. Bu derleme makalesi, bireysel farkliliklar, baglamsal faktorler ve mudahalelerle ilgili calismalari ele alarak etik olmayan davranislarin azaltilabilmesi icin altta yatan psikolojik mekanizmalara iliskin anlayisimizi zenginlestirmeyi amaclamaktadir. Birlikte ele alindiginda, bulgular Durustluk-Alcakgonulluluk, Uyumluluk, Sorumluluk, Psikopati ve Makyavelizm'in, ahlaki uzaksafma ile iliskili bireysel farkliliklar oldugunu gostermektedir. Ek olarak, daha az sayida arastirmada baglanma stillerinin, politik tutumlarin, ahlaki kimligin ve ahlaki duygularin ahlaki uzaklasma sureclerini deneyimlemekle iliskili oldugu bulunmustur. Calismalar bireysel farkliliklarin ahlaki uzaklasmaya yatkinlikicin onemli oldugunu gosterse de bu farklarin ahlaki uzaklafmayi azaltmakicin mudahale programlarinda nadiren dikkate alindigi gorulmektedir. Ahlaki uzaklacmayi azaltmakicin tasarlanan programlarin uzun vadeli etkilerinin nadiren test edildigi ve genellikle calisma ortamina veya ergenlik donemine odaklandigi gorulmektedir. Gelecekte bireysel farkliliklarin rolunu dikkate alan boylamsal desenleri iceren uygulamali calismalar ilgili literature katki saglayacaktir. Anahtar sozcukler: Ahlak psikolojisi, ahlaki uzaklafma, bireysel farkliliklar, mudahale calismalari
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