I use the unanticipated and large additional tariffs the US imposed on European Union products due to the Airbus‐Boeing conflict to analyse how exporters reacted to a change in trade policy. Using ...firm‐level data for Spain and applying a difference‐in‐differences methodology, I show that the export revenue in the US of the firms affected by the tariff hike did not significantly decrease relative to the one of other Spanish exporters to the US. I show that Spanish exporters were able to neutralise the increase in tariffs by substituting Spanish products with products originated in countries unaffected by tariffs and shifting to varieties not affected by tariffs. My results show that tariff avoidance is another margin exporters can use to counteract the effects of a tariff hike.
Der Beitrag untersucht die staatliche Unterstützung des Airbus-Projekts in Großbritannien und der Bundesrepublik von den 1960er bis zu den 1980er Jahren. Mit dem Passagierflugzeugbau wird eine ...„Zukunftsindustrie“ in den Blick genommen, die im Strukturwandel dieser Jahrzehnte technologie- und beschäftigungspolitische Hoffnungen auf sich zog und gleichzeitig hochgradig subventionsabhängig war. Nach einer kurzen Erörterung der Trends und Grenzen eines quantitativen Vergleichs werden Formen, Umfang und Motive der finanziellen Förderung der verschiedenen Airbus-Modelle im diachronen Vergleich verfolgt. In beiden Ländern zeigen sich dabei deutliche Kontinuitäten über die verschiedenen Regierungswechsel hinweg und vielfach ähnliche Motivlagen. Die dennoch signifikant höhere Subventionsbereitschaft der bundesdeutschen Regierungen lässt sich, so das Ergebnis, nicht allein aus den nationalen Koordinierungsweisen der Industriepolitik erklären, die sich wiederum verschiedenen „Varieties of Capitalism“ zuordnen lassen. Hinzu kamen unterschiedliche Branchenstrukturen und spezifische außenpolitische Konstellationen.
The present research was designed to provide evidence into why and when Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs) occur and pose a threat to aviation safety. Specifically, the goal was to understand how ...causal illusions interact with perceptual biases with and without irrational reasoning. A total of 408 airline pilots participated in an experiment using Airbus® aircraft TCAS/ROSE simulators. Analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM), controlling for the effects of fatigue and flight hours. Results indicated that causal illusions were 82.4% predictive of UAP sightings only when magical inference was present. Our experimental evidence shows that UAPs may be explained as cognitive biases and would pose a threat to aviation safety if pilots—or even aircraft AIs—were to detect them in an irrational way (e.g., as alien objects). A novel theorization that integrates major perception, clinical, and cognition models is offered. Additionally, the authors discuss the implications for aviation safety and determine when a UAP sighting may pose a real danger on a commercial flight.
•For the first time, UAPs have been introduced into Airbus® simulators to analyze pilots' reactions.•Our model forecasts over 80% of the variance in UAP sightings.•We propose criteria based on causal illusions to assess how pilots' UAP decisions risk aviation.
•A model considering passengers’ behaviors was built for aircraft evacuation.•Disaster levels are introduced to describe passengers’ anxiety.•The effect of luggage retrieval and overtaking in ...aircraft evacuation was analyzed.•Different effects of these behaviors in different aircraft parts were studied.
The irrational behaviors of passengers due to panic and anxiety during actual evacuations are challenging to be fully controlled by the crew. These behaviors may lead to the inefficiency of actual evacuation. This research builds a cabin evacuation model considering passengers’ luggage retrieval and overtaking behaviors based on cellular automata to improve the safety of aviation passengers.. The model introduces disaster levels to describe passengers’ anxiety and implements the “faster-is-slower” effect. Two possible overtaking routes are proposed, and we explored the effect of overtaking and retrieving luggage. The result shows that both overtaking and luggage retrieval negatively impact evacuation efficiency, and the impact of baggage retrieving is greater than overtaking. However, overtaking can essentially eliminate the influence of baggage retrieving. The effect of prohibiting irrational behaviors in different cabin compartments is analyzed to simulate crews’ guidance. The results show that the crew's enhanced guidance of the second part is the most effective.
This study explores the dynamics of entry, survival, and exit of large long-haul aircraft in China's burgeoning air transport market, focusing on the Airbus 380 and Boeing 747–8I as case studies. ...Utilizing rare events logistic regression and the time-dependent Cox regression model, the determinants of route entrance and survival for these aircraft from 2011 to 2021 were analyzed. The data is based on the flight plans of pertinent air routes and aircraft. Key findings include: (1) Both aircraft types favored entry into home-airfield-related, long-haul routes with a substantial existing flight volume. (2) Both aircraft exhibited prolonged survival on international long-haul routes, especially when airlines used them to bolster market share with consistent frequency. (3) Without the home-airfield advantage enjoyed by Air China, China Southern Airlines trialed the Airbus 380 on multiple occasions. Notably, if the Airbus 380 maintains operation on a route for at least 16 weeks, it demonstrates a lower likelihood of exit compared to the Boeing 747–8I.
Drawing on collective myopia as a lens, we explore the infamous Airbus bribery scandal to show how the executives of the global aircraft manufacturer, through their actions and behaviours, ...institutionalised the payment of bribes to secure contracts. Data for the inquiry consist of publicly available court‐approved documents, company website and internal emails, and newspaper articles on the scandal. Unpacking the bribery scheme operated by Airbus, we found that bribing of foreign government officials and airline executives to secure contracts was part and parcel of the firm's organising strategy. In this regard, the organising practices of Airbus actively encouraged employees to break its own bribery compliance policies which they employed as smokescreens to cover their illegal activities. Building on our findings, we developed a collective myopic‐bribery framework outlining how the collective myopia in organising drove the bribery activities at Airbus. The implications of the findings for theory and practice are outlined.
This article contributes to the ongoing discussion on unfair government support for the world's major civil aircraft producers, Airbus and Boeing. In a logit setting, we identify political (and ...economic) determinants of airlines' decision to buy either Airbus or American brand-new wide-bodies in the market's formative period. We find evidence for political determinants at work not only for Airbus, but - to an even greater extent - also for the American manufacturers, such as home bias.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the characteristics of aircraft, including aircraft of the Boeing and Airbus families, as well as to highlight the factors affecting the flight range ...depending on the dimension of the main aircraft. The possibilities of competition with Boeing and Airbus were considered and options for solving this problem were proposed. Formulas were used to identify the economic excellence of the aircraft and an analysis was made of the distribution of flights and major airports around the globe. A graphical model for the search for the rational appearance of the aerodynamic balancing scheme of long-range aircraft was presented. Among them were Boeing 747-400, Airbus A380-800 and VHI-5, the characteristics of which correspond to three specific zones of flight range. Conclusions were drawn about the dependence of the mass of the aircraft on the flight range, a scheme was determined according to which the dimension is the smallest, and a relationship was established between the duration of the flight and the fatigue of passengers and their impact on the requirements for comfort and ergonomics of a passenger seat depending on the duration of the flight.
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