In this paper, an optimization procedure based on multi-phase topology optimization is developed to determine the optimal stacking sequence of laminates made up of conventional plies oriented at ...−45°, 0°, 45 and 90°. The formulation relies on the SFP (Shape Functions with Penalization) parameterization, in which the discrete optimization problem is replaced by a continuous approach with a penalty to exclude intermediate values of the design variables. In this approach, the material stiffness of each physical ply is expressed as a weighted sum over the stiffness of the candidate plies corresponding to −45°, 0°, 45 and 90° orientations. In SFP, two design variables are needed for each physical ply in the laminate to parameterize the problem with respect to the 4 candidate orientations. Even if only constant stiffness laminates of constant thickness are considered in this paper, specific design rules used in aeronautics for composite panels (i.e., no more than a maximum number of consecutive plies with the same orientation in the stacking sequence) are however formulated and taken into account in the optimization problem. The methodology is demonstrated on an application. It is discussed how the different design rules can affect the solution.
The WTO concluded in 2012 that subsidized aeronautical research and development (R&D) gave Boeing a head start in product development that caused serious prejudice to the interests of Airbus but ...later, in 2019, it could not decide how long that head start had lasted. Meanwhile, the WTO concluded in 2018 that launch aid for Airbus aircraft led to innovations that also improved later aircraft models, thereby contributing to serious prejudice to the interests of Boeing. Both conclusions relied on a causation analysis that considered the effects of technological innovation, which makes subsidies used for R&D particularly vulnerable to challenge. This novel analysis may be too broad for the actionable subsidy disciplines of the SCM Agreement.
A duo hierarchical graph model for conflict resolution is developed to investigate market competition between Airbus and Boeing over aircraft sales in the Asia Pacific region. The duo hierarchical ...graph model, a significant extension of the graph model for conflict resolution methodology, contains two common decision makers, who take part in two related subconflicts, as well as local decision makers, who participate in only one subconflict. New stability definitions are proposed to describe forms of sanction unique to the hierarchical model. The interrelationships between stabilities in the overall graph model and in the two local models are investigated. Then the duo hierarchical graph model is applied to the competition between Airbus and Boeing in both the wide and narrow body markets in the Asia-Pacific region. The two types of Asian airlines have different operating strategies, so that the two markets constitute sub-competitions that can be modelled naturally using the duo hierarchical graph model. The stability results indicate a resolution for all decision makers that implies marketing strategies for the aircraft manufacturers and guidelines for aircraft purchase by the airlines. Thus, this model provides decision makers with a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the comoetition and guidance in identifving beneficial actions.
The 150th anniversary of the Royal Aeronautical Society offers an ideal opportunity to reflect on the spirit of innovation and collaboration fostered by the Society and its members over the past ...century and a half. Dr Jean Botti, an engineer with 31 patents to his name and Chief Technical Officer at Airbus Group, reflects on key innovation milestones for both Airbus Group and the industry as a whole. He also discusses the benefits of collaboration between the RAeS members and industry, and looks forward to an exciting new era of discovery – from electric flight (e-flight) to ‘smarter skies’ and the future development of new modes of flight which can only be imagined today.
This study examined the worth of investing in Airbus and Boeing to determine which company yields better investment prospect in the future. In order to do so, the study compares Airbus and Boeing in ...terms of net income, earnings per share, and performance in terms of order intake and delivery. The study was limited to only the two major aircraft manufacturers which are Airbus and Boeing. Also, the study uses secondary data from 1999- 2013 from both Airbus and Boeing. All of the computations were derived using Minitab and MS excel. The study found that there is a significant difference between Boeing and Airbus’s net income stability with Boeing being more stable than Airbus. Also, their earnings per share, when compared, found that Boeing provided their investors with larger earnings. Lastly, when the performance of both companies was compared, there was a significant difference between Boeing and Airbus’s level of efficiency and it resulted in Boeing being more efficient. The findings indicate that Boeing is a wiser investment compared to Airbus. There has been a lot of arguments and literature comparing both Airbus and Boeing but none provides investors with information as to which company to choose. Because of the lack of research on this specific issue, this study aims to provide further information on Airbus and Boeing to investors.
Le système productif des activités aérospatiales à Toulouse connaît aujourd’hui de nouvelles transformations sous l’impulsion d’Airbus dont les objectifs de rentabilité sont tournés vers la ...production et la livraison d’avions suite à l’achèvement de plusieurs projets aéronautiques. Le paysage industriel de la métropole s’en trouve affecté par des aménagements qui renforcent les polarités d’activités au nord-ouest et au sud-ouest de l’agglomération et par l’apparition de fonctions nouvelles (logistiques, touristiques) liées aux activités aérospatiales. L’insertion urbaine de ces activités se révèle néanmoins problématique sur le plan des transports. Au-delà, la spécialisation économique accrue de la métropole s’inscrit dans l’organisation sans cesse plus mondialisée du secteur aérospatial.
Industriepolitik ist einer der schillerndsten Begriffe der Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Überwiegend wird Industriepolitik als unzulässiger Eingriff in den marktlichen Allokationsmechanismus abgelehnt. ...In der wirtschaftspolitischen Praxis findet sich Industriepolitik dagegen fast ausnahmslos in jedem Land und zu jeder Zeit. Der Autor beleuchtet kritisch die Divergenz zwischen theoretischer Empfehlung und empirischer Realität. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, eine industriepolitische Konzeption zu entwickeln, die sowohl der theoretischen Kritik als auch der Tatsache, daß in der Realität stets Industriepolitik betrieben wird, Rechnung trägt. Theoretische Grundlage hierfür ist die Integration verschiedener Ansätze der Wachstums- und Wettbewerbstheorie sowie der Theorie des Strukturwandels.
Since years Novespace and Astrium are discussing mutual interest in cooperating together when considering Novespace well established capabilities and the ongoing development of the Astrium Spaceplane ...and its unique features. Indeed both companies are proposing service for non-public missions which require microgravity environment especially. It relies on assets of both parties:
•Novespace in operating 0-G aircraft platforms for the sake of the European scientific community for decades;•Astrium and its Spaceplane currently in pre-development phase.
Novespace and its Airbus A300 Zero-G exhibit a unique know-how in Europe for operating scientific payload on aeronautic platform(s). Moreover Astrium is preparing the development of a safe and passenger friendly Spaceplane, taking off and landing from a standard airport runway powered by turbofans and using a rocket engine of proven design to reach 100km altitude.
The paper details the joint service offered and the added value of the partnership of Novespace and Astrium for various end-users. In addition longer duration of on-board microgravity periods and ultra high altitude features of the Astrium Spaceplane mission expand the scope of possible non-public applications which includes e.g.:
•Earth system science and probing of uncharted layers of Earth atmosphere on a regular basis and in various locations worldwide;•Spaceflight crew training.
► Astrium and Novespace joint offer for scientific community. ► Applications including 0-G, ultra high altitude and spaceflight crew training oriented missions. ► Aeronautic-like certification for operations of Astrium Spaceplane from existing airport(s). ► One stop-shop and cost-effective service.
More electric aircraft (MEA) becomes a trend for next generation aircraft to respond to the global wide energy shortage. The technological advancement in power electronics makes MEA possible. Airbus ...and Boeing have advanced their research and application 30 years or earlier than China does. As a major civil aircraft manufacturer in China, COMAC can play an important role in applying and promoting new technologies for next generation aircraft. Based on authors' practice in recent years MEA development project, in this study, the challenge for MEA design is identified and the key technologies for MEA are elaborated from the aircraft, system and component level, and an attempt is made to address the challenge encountered. The method for MEA system integration is given in lieu of ARP 4754A. Finally, an innovative collaboration between original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and suppliers is suggested to achieve win–win situation in developing next generation aircraft.
In the global airline industry, an airline’s fleet routing affects its profitability, level of service and its competitive position. Using a qualitative research approach, this paper examines ...Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB fleet deployment and route network development for the period 2016 to 2018. The qualitative data was examined using document analysis. The study found that Singapore Airlines has deployed the Airbus A350-900XWB aircraft on new air routes from Singapore to Cape Town via Johannesburg, Düsseldorf and Stockholm via Moscow and return. The Airbus A350-900XWB aircraft are also replacing older, less efficient aircraft as part of the company’s fleet modernization strategy. Singapore Airlines is also acquiring the new ultra-long-range variant of the Airbus A350-900XWB for use on its proposed new non-stop services from Singapore to Los Angeles and Newark Liberty Airport in New Jersey, USA. The longest flight stage length is the Singapore to San Francisco route which is 7339 nautical miles (13,594 km) in length. The shortest stage length is between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur (160 nautical miles or 297 km). The new non-stop services from Singapore to Los Angeles and New York City will be the longest non-stop services operated by Singapore Airlines. The flight stage lengths between Singapore and Los Angeles and Singapore and Newark Liberty Airport are 7621 nautical miles (14,114 km) and 8285 nautical miles (15,344 km), respectively. The greatest number of available seat kilometers (ASKs) are generated on Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900 XWB service from Singapore to San Francisco (3.57 million ASKs). The smallest number of ASKs produced are on the short-haul service from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur (75,141 ASKs).
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