In high-altitude environments, most of the debris-free glacier forelands are increasingly widening and the bare surfaces left by retreating glaciers offer the opportunity to investigate the evolution ...of soil through time. The main aim of this study is to discuss the applicability of a chronosequence approach in a deglaciated area, by considering the role of different soil forming factors. A study case has been selected (Alpe Veglia, Lepontine Alps), where field and laboratory characterizations were performed along a transect of 12 soil profiles from the proglacial area of the Aurona Glacier to the Alpe Veglia hollow, crossing different age glacial deposits. The results of soil physical and chemical analyses underline a time-trend of soil properties. On the other hand, even if the soil properties variability along the transect can be mainly explained according to the soil chronosequence approach, the data seem to highlight how the various soil forming factors (e.g. parent material, relief, vegetation) influence soil features, partly masking the effect of the time factor inducing a divergence from a traditional chronosequence. In particular, the morphology of the surrounding reliefs, depending on bedrock lithologies and structures, and the geomorphic dynamics seem to affect soil formation and evolution.
Renal hypouricemia (RHUC) is a disease caused by dysfunction of renal urate reabsorption transporters; however, diagnostic guidance and guidelines for RHUC have been lacking, partly due to the low ...evidence level of studies on RHUC. This review describes a world-first clinical practice guideline (CPG) and its first version in English for this condition. It was developed following the “MINDS Manual for Guideline Development” methodology, which prioritizes evidence-based medicine. It was published in Japanese in 2017 and later translated into English. The primary goal of this CPG is to clarify the criteria for diagnosing RHUC; another aim is to work towards a consensus on clinical decision-making. One of the CPG’s unique points is that it contains textbook descriptions at the expert consensus level, in addition to two clinical questions and recommendations derived from a systematic review of the literature. The guidance shown in this CPG makes it easy to diagnose RHUC from simple blood and urine tests. This CPG contains almost all of the clinical foci of RHUC: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic guidance, clinical examinations, differential diagnosis, and complications, including exercise-induced acute kidney injury and urolithiasis. A CPG summary as well as a clinical algorithm to assist healthcare providers with a quick reference and notes from an athlete for both physicians and patients are included. We hope that this CPG will help healthcare providers and patients to make clinical decisions, and that it will promote further research on RHUC.
症例は26歳の男性で，発熱と腰背部痛を主訴に外来を受診した．血清クレアチニン1.81 mg/dlと上昇がみられ，病歴の再聴取により，発症12時間前に無酸素運動を行っていることが判明した．運動後急性腎障害（acute renal failure with severe loin pain and patchy renal ischemia after anaerobic ...exercise：ALPE）を強く疑い，確定のための画像診断を考慮したが，気管支喘息の既往もあったことから造影CT（computed tomography）施行がためらわれた．代替検査としてMRI（magnetic resonance imaging）撮像を施行し，拡散強調像で両側腎に楔状の高信号域を認め，ALPEと確定診断した．
Ultra-high-pressure (UHP) peridotites found along collisional zones record rare information from deep within the Earth. However, the estimation of depth of origin for these UHP rocks has been ...controversial. A major controversy remains related to the conjectural proposition of mantle transition zone (410-660 km) origin of the Alpe Arami (AA) garnet peridotite massif in the Swiss Alps. In this contribution, we show micro-textural evidence of precursor majoritic garnet by documenting exsolved rutile, high-Al orthopyroxene, jadeite-rich clinopyroxene and olivine within the AA garnets in this peridotite. We also document an unforeseen texture of olivine with 'necklace' like enstatite corona in the kelyphite formed after decomposition of relict garnet. These olivines bear FeTiO
3
and Cr-spinel exsolution needles indicating retrogression from high-pressure Mg
2
SiO
4
. Thus, the occurrence of retrogressed high-pressure Mg
2
SiO
4
with enstatite corona in kelyphite suggests majorite breakdown to precipitate high-pressure Mg
2
SiO
4
near mantle transition zone (MTZ) depth. The SiO
2
released during decompression of majoritic garnets reacts with the high-pressure Mg
2
SiO
4
to produce the enstatite corona. Our documented micro-textures show high-pressure Mg
2
SiO
4
are breakdown product of precursor majoritic garnet, indicating that these micro-textures of the AA peridotite massif are sourced from the mantle transition zone (MTZ).
This study presents a new petrological–geochemical data set for the Monte Capio and Alpe Cevia mafic–ultramafic sequences, which are exposed in the deepest levels of the Ivrea–Verbano Zone. These ...sequences are composed of a peridotite core, with dunite in the center, mantled by minor orthopyroxene-dominated pyroxenites and subordinate hornblende gabbronorites. Amphibole is ubiquitous in the peridotites and the pyroxenites (≤ 15 vol % and 10–40 vol %, respectively), and the peridotite–pyroxenite associations are frequently crosscut by amphibole-rich (45–90 vol %) veins/dykes showing sinuous-to-sharp planar boundaries towards host rocks. The whole-rock Mg# 100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe
tot
2+
) decreases from the peridotites to the pyroxenites and the crosscutting amphibole-rich dykes (84–81, 80–77, and 73–66, respectively), consistently with the Mg# variations shown by included orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and amphibole. Olivine has relatively low forsterite and NiO amounts (84–78 mol % and ≤ 0.14 wt%), and spinel is characterized by low Cr# 100 × Cr/(Cr + Al) of 7–24. The anorthite content of plagioclase varies from 91 to 88 mol% in plagioclase-bearing pyroxenites to 91–75 mol% in amphibole-rich dykes. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of amphibole from peridotites and pyroxenites show nearly flat MREE–HREE, no evident Eu anomaly, and LREE that are slightly depleted to slightly enriched with respect to MREE. Amphibole from the amphibole-rich veins/dykes exhibits slight LREE depletion. Whole-rock and amphibole separates show substantial variations in initial Nd–Sr isotopic compositions (e.g., whole-rock ε
Nd
calculated at 290 Ma ranges from − 0.3 to − 4.7), irrespective of the rock-type and of incompatible element amphibole compositions. We propose that the Monte Capio–Alpe Cevia dunites formed by cooling of magma lenses that intruded the lowermost continental crust of the Ivrea–Verbano Zone. The chemically evolved signature of the dunites documents earlier crystallization of chemically primitive dunites at lower levels, or olivine fractionation within the dunites during melt ascent. Associated pyroxene-bearing peridotites show a magmatic evolution ruled by reaction of a melt-poor crystal mush with migrating melts relatively rich in SiO
2
and H
2
O, which developed orthopyroxene and amphibole at the expenses of olivine ± clinopyroxene. These migrating melts may be reconciled with those feeding the crosscutting amphibole-rich veins/dykes, whose compositions suggest formation by chemically evolved H
2
O-rich basalts with an arc-type incompatible trace-element fingerprint. Unraveling the origin of the Monte Capio–Alpe Cevia pyroxenites is hampered by the complex open-system magmatic evolution, which also included assimilation of material released by basement metasediments and/or involvement of primary melt batches with different compositions.
The Alpe di Roscioro, is a site of an unstable rock slope located above the village of Preonzo in southern Switzerland. There have been numerous rock-slope failures with a major event that happened ...in May 2012. After that event, several seismic stations were set up at the site of the remaining highly fractured and unstable rock mass. The analysis of continuous seismic recordings has shown a high number of permanent micro-deformations and tilts, recorded by a seismometer located on top of the unstable part of the slope. In terms of the ground motion, the directions of these disturbances are parallel to the mean strike of the mapped fracture network, implying a connection to the ongoing deformations of the rock mass. The static deformation field of the fractured rock mass is modeled by finite-difference method (FD). The FD method enables us to apply a reciprocal approach by tilting the affected body of block 1, closest to the stable massif, by measured values and observing the deformations below the seismometer and in the neighboring blocks. The numerical model explains the following features observed in situ: feature 1. The combination of the horizontal displacement and tilt observed approximately at the same measurement point; feature 2. The block 1 center of rotation is shifted towards SSE by ~10 m off its center; feature 3. The sensors placed on the stable massif did not record any micro-deformation and tilt signals above the background noise.
In the light of the numerical modeling, the weak coupling between the micro-tilt active block 1 and neighboring media explains the absence of detected events in the reference stations placed on the stable massif. The simplified “shear and bending” force system FD model, indicates that the aftermath of the May 2012 main failure consisted of numerous episodic elementary relaxations of the SSE part of block 1 after the collapse of its NNW compartment, which was previously connected to it.
•Micro-tilts and displacements of unstable rock slope recorded by seismometer•Micro-deformations of rock mass are distinguished from instrumental artifacts•The micro-deformations are not present in the stable massif•The deformations are modeled by Finite Differences in “shear and bending” scenarios•Coupling of the deformations between blocks is realized through bedrock.
Članek obravnava metodološke probleme vrednotenja geodiverzitete na primeru Krajinskega parka Logarska dolina. V njem sta predstavljeni in primerjani dve delno avtomatizirani metodi vrednotenja: prva ...združuje prostorsko odvisnost števila geomorfoloških in hidroloških elementov geodiverzitete s podatki o hrapavosti površja, druga pa upošteva tudi litološko sestavo. Indeksi geodiverzitete so bili izračunani z velikostjo rastrskih kvadratov 50 × 50 m z namenom primerjav in ugotavljanja posplošitev na preučevanem območju. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da vključitev litoloških elementov ni smiselna, če je litologija v vrednotenje že vključena preko geomorfoloških elementov, če z množenjem le poveča vrednost območij z visokim indeksom hrapavosti ali če so si tipi litoloških enot glede na značilnosti podobni.
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