Specific scope
This standard describes the procedures for official control with the aim of containing and eradicating Anoplophora chinensis.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2013‐09.
Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) is a xylophagous invasive cerambycid whose larvae feed on the lower bole and exposed roots of many tree species in orchard, urban, and forested habitats. Larval ...survival and development of A. chinensis from Italy and China were evaluated at eight constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C). Development was slow or did not occur at temperatures ≤10 and >35°C. The TMin for the first six instars and the pupa was <10°C, while TMin for the higher instars was closer to 12°C. The ultimate instar for both populations was insensitive to temperature. When the TMax thresholds could be estimated they were between 31 and 41°C. Temperature also influenced larval weight gain; larvae held at 25–30°C generally weighed the most from the fourth instar on. The number of degree days for 50% of the population to molt to the next instar increased with increasing instar for both populations up through the sixth instar. Anoplophora chinensis may use wood moisture content in conjunction with temperature as a cue as to when to pupate. These responses of A. chinensis to temperature can be used for developing phenological models to predict timing of stages for management or eradication efforts.
Specific scope
This Standard describes the procedures for the inspection of consignments, including wood packaging material and round wood from broad‐leaved trees for infestation with Anoplophora ...chinensis or Anoplophora glabripennis.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2015‐09.
The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), and citrus longhorned beetle (CLB), Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), are polyphagous xylophages ...native to Asia and are capable of killing healthy trees. ALB outbreaks began in China in the 1980s, following major reforestation programs that used ALB-susceptible tree species. No regional CLB outbreaks have been reported in Asia. ALB was first intercepted in international trade in 1992, mostly in wood packaging material; CLB was first intercepted in 1980, mostly in live plants. ALB is now established in North America, and both species are established in Europe. After each infestation was discovered, quarantines and eradication programs were initiated to protect high-risk tree genera such as Acer, Aesculus, Betula, Populus, Salix, and Ulmus. We discuss taxonomy, diagnostics, native range, bionomics, damage, host plants, pest status in their native range, invasion history and management, recent research, and international efforts to prevent new introductions.
Eradication efforts are described at 5 sites where infestations of Anoplophora chinensis have been detected in Europe since 2003. The infestations were in France (declared eradicated in 2006), in ...Croatia, in Italy (Rome) and in the Netherlands (Westland and Boskoop). Each of these infestations was on or nearby a nursery or location where plants originating from Eastern Asia had (probably) been stocked or sold. Infested plants were all found within a distance of 30 m from the presumed source of infestation except in the Rome-infestation where infested plants, in total 40, were found within 500 m of the presumed source of infestation. The history of plant imports and local observations at 3 sites (France, Croatia and Westland in the Netherlands) suggests that larvae arrived in imported plants and adults emerged and laid eggs on plants in the surroundings between 1 and 5 years before the infestation was detected. It was not possible to make such an estimate for the Boskoop infestation in the Netherlands and the Rome infestation in Italy.
Ontsira mellipes attacked A. glabripennis and did not show a preference between A. glabripennis and other attacked cerambycids (* = significant, ns = not significant, P = 0.05). #Parasitoids used in ...this trial were reared from M. carolinensis while all other trials used parasitoids reared from A. glabripennis.
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•Ontsira mellipes is a native North American parasitoid of wood-boring insects.•The parasitoid successfully attacks Asian longhorned beetle (ALB).•It also attacks three of six tested native longhorned beetles as well as citrus longhorned beetle.•O. mellipes does not show a preference between ALB and other attacked host species.•The parasitoid may have a potential for biological control of ALB.
The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a high-risk, invasive pest of hardwood trees that has been targeted for eradication in the US since the 1990s. Ontsira mellipes Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a native North American parasitoid that has been found to be capable of attacking ALB larvae under laboratory conditions. To investigate the potential host range of O. mellipes we exposed six common North American cerambycid species (Elaphidion mucronatum (Say), Monochamus carolinensis Olivier, Monochamus notatus (Drury), Neoclytus scutellaris Olivier, Xylotrechus colonus (Fabricius), and Xylotrechus sagittatus Germar) and the citrus longhorned beetle (Anoplophora chinensis Forster) to adult O. mellipes for possible oviposition. Results showed that O. mellipes successfully attacked A. glabripennis, A. chinensis, E. mucronatum, M. carolinensis and M. notatus, but did not attack N. scutellaris, X. colonus and X. sagittatus in both choice and no-choice tests. Ontsira mellipes did not show a preference between A. glabripennis and other attacked host species, regardless of the host species on which the tested parasitoids were reared. The number of progeny emerging per parasitized host larva was influenced by the attacked host species and by the interaction between the attacked host species and the size of parasitized larvae. Neither host species nor the size of parasitized larvae influenced the sex ratio (≈ 80% females) of the parasitoid’s offspring. In terms of progeny fitness, the parasitoid preformed equally well on A. glabripennis as on native hosts such as M. carolinensis. The use of O. mellipes as a biological control agent for A. glabripennis is discussed.
International trade plays an important role in the transport of many insect species from one place to another. Anoplophora chinensis (Forster, 1771) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the harmful ...insects that can be transported through the imported ornamental plants. It is listed on Annex-1B the harmful organisms that have limited existence in Turkey, that are subject to quarantine and that hinder importation of the plant quarantine regulation in Turkey. This species can be transported in egg, larva, pupa periods within the xylem of the plant. Females cut a T-shaped slit on the bole of the trees about 60 cm high from the ground or on the exposed roots with their mandibles and deposit one egg in each of these slits. Adults of the insects are seen in the period between May and October. Since eggs, larvae and pupae are located inside the tree's thrunk, it is very difficult to detect its presence from the outside. However, it is possible to determine the presence of a 1-1.5 cm diameter exit hole or see adults that exit from the tree's trunk. The presence of feeding signs in the shoots and sawdust debris on the trunk can also indicate the presence of damage. Most of the damage symptoms are seen around the height of 1.5 m from the ground. When the adult exit holes are seen, it is too late for the control. In this study it is aimed to give information about citrus longhorn beetle A. chinensis short biology, hosts, damage, control and eradication measures carried out in Turkey and in the world and quarantine measures need to be taken.
The citrus longhorned beetle (CLB) (Anoplophora chinensis) is an important quarantine pest of main Citrus crops. Its potential distribution and invasion under climate change scenarios have important ...economic implications for many countries. We used the ensemble maps from both the CLIMEX and MaxEnt models to obtain CLB’s potential distribution in climate‐suitable regions under historical and future climate conditions. Global broadleaved forest cover was overlaid with CLB’s ensemble distributions to further assess the effects of host range. The ensemble models’ projected climate‐suitable regions by 2040–2060 and 2060–2070 under different emission scenarios were used to analyze range shifts. Our results indicate that projected climate‐suitable regions of the CLIMEX are much wider than that of the MaxEnt, but both of them would lose areas with climate change. The global ensemble distributions of CLB concentrated in eastern Asia, central and western Europe and eastern North America, and would shift northward in the future time. Broadleaved forests would cover most of the projected climate‐suitable regions, which provide essential hosts for CLB’s establishment. The ensemble predictive results from the correlative model and mechanistic model highlight the necessity of increasing control, monitoring and quarantine efforts on the pest in the threatened areas.
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