Wellbore collapse, seafloor subsidence, and seismic events are some of the main technical and societal issues related to the deformation of producing chalk reservoirs. The triaxial tests represent ...valuable input data for geomechanical and rock physics models that document the properties and mechanical response of the rock under in situ conditions. Most of the experimental studies are related to chalk from the Upper Maastrichtian Tor Fm. that is the main oil-bearing unit in the North Sea. The overlying Danian Ekofisk Fm. that also contains a non-negligible part of the hydrocarbon reserves has however received little attention. The aim of this study is to assess the plastic and shear behaviour of oil-saturated, Danian chalk containing different amount of quartz by using an extensive experimental dataset. The hydrostatic yield stresses and the Mohr-Coulomb criteria are quantified across a 30–45% porosity range for specimens with a low (<3%) and high amount of quartz (>4%), referred to as clean and impure chalk. Porosity-dependent functions are proposed to estimate the geomechanical properties and the yield surface is reconstructed in a plot of mean-deviatoric stress versus porosity. These results are compared with previous studies on Maastrichtian chalk. The plastic and shear behaviour of Danian and Maastrichtian chalk appears similar for porous specimens and differs as porosity declines. The differences are of significance changing the geomechanical properties by a factor of 20%–60%. The mineralogical and diagenetic parameters that can explain these observations are discussed. The outcomes can be integrated in constitutive models to improve the prediction on the contribution of the Ekofisk Fm. to the total strain occurring in depleted reservoirs from the North Sea. This study is also of interest for other sectors of industry such as CO2 and energy storage in chalk that involve economical and societal risks associated with rock deformation.
•Relationships between porosity and mechanical properties proposed for Danian rock.•The yield surfaces of Danian and Maastrichtian chalk reconstructed and compared.•Quartz and calcite cementation impact the mechanical contrasts between chalk types.•Constitutive models applied to Maastrichtian chalk is not valid for Danian chalk.•The outcomes assist engineers in developing simulators designed for the Ekofisk Fm.
This article explores representations of natural phenomena in the second novel in the James Bond series, Ian Fleming's Live and Let Die (London: Penguin, 1954 2008). Several critics have noted the ...enjoyment Fleming derived from his Jamaican home, adjacent to the ocean. His relationship with the ocean and nature, particularly birds, is evident in his writing. Although the novel is firmly in the thriller/spy genre, the many references to natural phenomena provide the reader with points of reflection about humanity and the environment. The article demonstrates that although Fleming wrote in the thriller/spy genre, a significant element of his writing has value in the field of ecocriticism. The article draws on critic Greg Garrard, who refers to those who use nature for their own purposes as the Cornucopians. Other critics whose work informs this reading of Fleming's novel include Arne Naess, a central figure in Deep Ecology, and Rachel Carson, who pioneered our understanding of the human relationship with the oceans. The work of Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whom Fleming knew personally) and Peter Godfrey-Smith is also considered.
In the autumn of 1959, Arne Naess and J. L. Austin, both pioneers of empirical study in the philosophy of language, discussed their points of agreement and disagreement at a meeting in Oslo. This ...article considers the fragmentary record that has survived of that meeting, and investigates what light it can shed on the question of why the two philosophers apparently found so little common ground, given their shared commitment to the importance of data in the study of language. Naess and Austin held different views about two significant aspects of the relationship between scientific method and philosophical investigation. The first aspect concerns the nature of experimental data; Naess used the statistical analysis of data collected from non-philosophical informants while Austin advocated deliberation leading to agreement over usage by a few skilled experts. The second aspect relates to their respective attitudes to the role of theory in philosophical inquiry, attitudes which drew on discussions of scientific method, and its relevance to philosophy, from the early decades of the twentieth century. This article traces the evidence for these views on scientific method in Naess’s and Austin’s respective published work, and in the record of their Oslo meeting. It concludes with a brief overview of opinions about scientific method manifest in the decades since that meeting in various branches of linguistics. These opinions speak to the enduring importance of attitudes to scientific method in relation to our study and understanding of human language.
In this concise book based on his Arne Ryde Lectures in 2002, Young suggests a conceptual framework for studying strategic learning and highlights theoretical developments in the area. He discusses ...the interactive learning problem; reinforcement and regret; equilibrium; conditional no-regret learning; prediction, postdiction, and calibration; fictitious play and its variants; Bayesian learning; and hypothesis testing. Young's framework emphasizes the amount of information required to implement different types of learning rules, criteria for evaluating their performance, and alternative notions of equilibrium to which they converge. He also stresses the limits of what can be achieved: for a given type of game and a given amount of information, there may exist no learning procedure that satisfies certain reasonable criteria of performance and convergence. In short, Young has provided a valuable primer that delineates what we know, what we would like to know, and the limits of what we can know, when we try to learn about a system that is composed of other learners. Available in OSO:
Arne Bjerhammar is well known worldwide mainly for his research in physical geodesy but also for introducing a new matrix algebra with generalized inverses applied in geodetic adjustment. Less known ...are his developments in geodetic engineering and contributions to satellite and relativistic geodesy as well as studies on the relation between the Fennoscandia land uplift and the regional gravity low. Most likely part of his research has contributed to worldwide political relaxation during the cold war, which deed was honored by a certificate of achievement awarded by the Department of Research of the US army as well as the North Star Order by the King of Sweden.
Arne Bjerhammar’s pioneer scientific production, in particular on a world geodetic system, towards what would become GPS, as well as relativistic geodesy, is still of great interest among the worldwide geodetic community, while the memories and spirit along his outstanding academic deeds have more or less fainted away from his home university (KTH) only a decade after he passed away.
full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian
The aim of this paper is to focus on Arne Nass’s phenomenological method and some of its anthropological and cosmological implications. ...Nass’s Ecology, Community and Lifestyle, in fact, can be fruitfully read as an example of phenomenological inquiry, in which the notion of “spontaneous experience” plays a fundamental role. This method leads Nass to develop a “relational ontology,” in which the “ecological self” is seen as a “relational junction within the total field.” In addition, I show how Tymieniecka’s philosophical thought can offer us the proper eco-phenomenological perspective to better understand Nass’s Ecosophy T.
Experimental philosophy often draws its data from questionnaire-based surveys of ordinary intuitions. Its proponents are keen to identify antecedents in the work of philosophers who have referred to ...intuition and everyday understanding e.g. Knobe, Joshua, and Shaun Nichols, 'An Experimental Philosophy Manifesto'. In Experimental Philosophy, edited by Joshua Knobe and Shaun Nichols, 3-14. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. In this context, 'Empirical Semantics', pioneered by Arne Naess early in the twentieth century, offers striking parallels. Naess believed that much contemporary philosophy was unempirical because it made no reference to ordinary understanding or use of language. In response, he attempted large-scale studies of ordinary understanding of philosophically significant terms e.g. Naess, Arne. 'Truth' as Conceived by Those Who Are Not Professional Philosophers. Oslo: Jacob Dybwad, 1938. This article will compare Empirical Semantics and experimental philosophy, and assess what such a comparison reveals that might not be apparent from a consideration of either in isolation. It will concentrate on two points of comparison: the wider philosophical ambitions of the two approaches, and the types of criticisms they have encountered. Naess was straightforwardly interested in folk intuitions as philosophical data, whereas many experimental philosophers are also interested in explaining the intuitions themselves. A comparison of the different types of criticism reveals attitudes to philosophical practice which have recurred across a time period of some eighty years, and those which are more specific to historical context.
In recent decades the concept of sustainability has gained great prominence in the public debate and academic research as well. Today, it is a fundamental concept to address the complex crisis we are ...facing at planetary scales. However, after several decades, its definition is still associated with vague and ambiguous notions that are ultimately decimating its role as a guiding framework for a more sustainable living. There is still an important gap between its theory and its praxis. The article generates a philosophical deconstruction of the sustainability concept as a necessary action to address this difficulty. This examination allows to philosophically reconstruct fundamental characteristics of its content. The article suggests and argues that a relevant component of sustainability is its regulatory function in the sphere of human relations. It suggests that sustainability is a regulative idea that works as a guide--a working concept--in the case of dilemmas that stem from the problem of maintaining responsibility towards future generations and the environment. From this standpoint, the article explores key aspects of sustainability as an ethically grounded concept and finally reflects about some applicative and educational implications. KEYWORDS: Sustainability Ethics; Regulative Ethics; Environmental Ethics; Arne Naess INTRODUCTION
Arne Torkildsen was a pioneering Norwegian neurosurgeon who introduced the ventriculocisternal shunt, the first clinically successful shunt for CSF diversion in hydrocephalus. The procedure, usually ...referred to as ventriculocisternostomy (VCS), Torkildsen's operation, orTorkildsen's shunt, became internationally recognized as an efficient operation for the treatment of noncommunicating hydrocephalus. The operation gained widespread use in the 1940s and 1950s before the introduction of extracranial shunts. In this paper, the authors look more closely at Torkildsen's development of the VCS and examine how this surgical approach differed from other procedures for treating hydrocephalus before World War II. Long-term results of the VCS are presented.
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