Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology are currently becoming real and available, which has made them grow in popularity and use. However, there are still plenty ...of challenges related to this technology, especially in terms of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) fluctuations due to the behaviour of the channels and the multipath effect, that lead to poor precision. In order to mitigate these effects, in this paper we propose and implement a real Indoor Positioning System based on Bluetooth Low Energy, that improves accuracy while reducing power consumption and costs. The three main proposals are: frequency diversity, Kalman filtering and a trilateration method what we have denominated "weighted trilateration". The analysis of the results proves that all the proposals improve the precision of the system, which goes up to 1.82 m 90% of the time for a device moving in a middle-size room and 0.7 m for static devices. Furthermore, we have proved that the system is scalable and efficient in terms of cost and power consumption. The implemented approach allows using a very simple device (like a SensorTag) on the items to locate. The system enables a very low density of anchor points or references and with a precision better than existing solutions.
The neighbor discovery process (NDP) plays a key role in Bluetooth low energy (BLE)-enabled applications. However, when a massive number of BLE devices are involved in the NDP, signal collisions ...become severer, which degrade the NDP performance seriously. To solve the problem, BLE 5.0 specifies some extended features such as advanced NDP (A-NDP). The previous works on the performance models for the NDP have focused on the basic NDP (B-NDP). Though some works considered the performance evaluations on A-NDP, they have done on simulations or testbed-based experiments. Likewise, so far, the performance analysis for A-NDP has been insufficient. In this article, we propose an analytical model to evaluate A-NDP performances, such as the signal collision probability, the discovery delay, the energy consumption, and so on. With the proposed analysis model, the performances of A-NDP are analyzed from the viewpoint of various operational environments for BLE-enabled Internet-of-Things services, and compared to those of B-NDP with extended features of Bluetooth 5.0. Besides, it showed that A-NDP is not always better than B-NDP, and we discuss the operational conditions where A-NDP or B-NDP operate effectively, respectively.
BLEUN (Bluetooth Low Energy Urban Networks) was an EU-funded research project exploring applications of BLE for smart mobility. These applications include accurate positioning services, vehicle ...tracking, IoT proximity applications for public transport, etc. During the 12-month project, the team developed outdoor location services, assets tracking, proximity marketing, POI's information and indoor navigation. BLEUN spawned the BEEHIVE technology (www.thebeehive.world), expanding the BLEUN approach to include also other signals like WiFi and LoRa for maximum adaptability and increasing accuracy to less than 60 centimetres, while sticking to a low-cost approach. This mix of technologies is pooled into a big data platform, where all information is anonymously cross-matched. The project has been recognised with the Certificate of Excellence from the I4MS-SAE Quality Label.
While the Internet of Things (IoT) is driving a transformation of current society toward a smarter one, new challenges and opportunities have arisen to accommodate the demands of IoT development. Low ...power wireless devices are, undoubtedly, the most viable solution for diverse IoT use cases. Among such devices, Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacons have emerged as one of the most promising due to the ubiquity of Bluetooth-compatible devices, such as iPhones and Android smartphones. However, for BLE beacons to continue penetrating the IoT ecosystem in a holistic manner, interdisciplinary research is needed to ensure seamless integration. This paper consolidates the information on the state-of-the-art BLE beacon, from its application and deployment cases, hardware requirements, and casing design to its software and protocol design, and it delivers a timely review of the related research challenges. In particular, the BLE beacon's cutting-edge applications, the interoperability between packet profiles, the reliability of its signal detection and distance estimation methods, the sustainability of its low energy, and its deployment constraints are discussed to identify research opportunities and directions.
Aside from vast deployment cost reduction, Industrial Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (IWSAN) introduce a new level of industrial connectivity. Wireless connection of sensors and actuators in ...industrial environments not only enables wireless monitoring and actuation, it also enables coordination of production stages, connecting mobile robots and autonomous transport vehicles, as well as localization and tracking of assets. All these opportunities already inspired the development of many wireless technologies in an effort to fully enable Industry 4.0. However, different technologies significantly differ in performance and capabilities, none being capable of supporting all industrial use cases. When designing a network solution, one must be aware of the capabilities and the trade-offs that prospective technologies have. This paper evaluates the technologies potentially suitable for IWSAN solutions covering an entire industrial site with limited infrastructure cost and discusses their trade-offs in an effort to provide information for choosing the most suitable technology for the use case of interest. The comparative discussion presented in this paper aims to enable engineers to choose the most suitable wireless technology for their specific IWSAN deployment.
This paper provides an overview of the most significant existing methods for indoor positioning on a contemporary smartphone. The approaches include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth based positioning, magnetic ...field fingerprinting, map aided navigation using building floor plans, and aiding from self-contained sensors. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth based positioning methods considered in this survey are fingerprint approaches that determine a user's position using a database of radio signal strength measurements that were collected earlier at known locations. Magnetic field fingerprinting can be used in an information fusion algorithm to improve positioning. The map-matching algorithms include application of wall constraints, topological indoor maps, and building geometry for heading correction. Finally, methods for step counting, step length and direction estimation, orientation tracking, motion classification, transit mode detection, and floor change detection in multi-storey buildings are discussed.
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has become the de facto communication protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart wearable devices for its ultra-low energy consumption, ease of development, good ...enough network coverage, and data transfer speed. Due to the simplified design of this protocol, there have been lots of security and privacy vulnerabilities. As billions of health care, personal fitness wearable, smart lock, industrial automation devices adopt this technology for communication, its vulnerabilities should be dealt with high priority. Some segregated works on BLE were performed focusing on various vulnerabilities, such as the insecure implementation of encryption, device authentication, user privacy, etc. However, there has been no comprehensive survey on the security vulnerabilities of this protocol. In this survey paper, we present a comprehensive taxonomy for the security and privacy issues of BLE. We present possible attack scenarios for different types of vulnerabilities, classify them according to their severity, and list possible mitigation techniques. We also provide case studies regarding how different vulnerabilities can be exploited in real BLE devices.
El objetivo de este estudio es profundizar en el origen del sufijo deverbal -ble, considerado uno de los más productivos en la lengua española en la formación de adjetivos. Con la ayuda de los datos ...extraídos de textos latinos y castellanos intentaremos mostrar la trayectoria formal y discursiva de este elemento afijal antes de su consolidación en los albores del Renacimiento.
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